Radical Reformation激进改革

Also known as the Left Wing of the Reformation and the Third Reformation, it includes all reforming elements not identified with the magisterial reformation.也被称为第三次改革左翼的改革和，它包括所有的改革内容改革与威严没有确定。 Common to all its participants was disappointment with moral aspects of territorial Protestantism and the rejection of some of its doctrines and institutions.共同所有参加者的机构失望的教义和道德方面的新教领土和拒绝一些。 While various interlocking historical connections and doctrinal variations limit the validity of typological and ideological classifications, three main groupings of radicals have been identified: Anabaptists, spiritualists, and evangelical rationalists.虽然不同的历史渊源和理论联锁变化限制了分类的有效性和意识形态的类型学，三个主要的自由基集团已经确定：Anabaptists的，招魂，理性主义和福音。

Anabaptists再洗礼派

From Luther to twentieth century scholar Karl Holl, the opinion prevailed that Anabaptism began with revolutionaries and spiritualizers such as the Zwickau Prophets and Thomas Munzer and reached its logical conclusion with the violent Munsterites.从路德至二十世纪的学者卡尔霍尔，意见占了上风，即Anabaptism Munsterites开始了革命者的暴力和spiritualizers如茨维考先知和托马斯闵采尔，与达到其合乎逻辑的结论。 In the 1940s Harold S Bender inaugurated a new era in American Anabaptist studies.在研究20世纪40年代美国哈罗德S本德尔再洗礼派成立一个新时代的研究。 Using primary sources and following up directions indicated earlier by CA Cornelius and other Europeans, Bender distinguished between Anabaptists and revolutionaries.使用的主要来源和跟进的方向如前所述由CA科尼利厄斯和其他欧洲人，本德尔区分anabaptists和革命家。 He placed Anabaptist origins in the circle of Conrad Grebel, which left Zwingli's reformation when Zwingli compromised its biblical basis. From Zurich the movement was spread by missionaries from Switzerland to Austria and Moravia, South Germany, and the Low Countries.他把圣经的基础上再洗礼派的起源及其在圈子康拉德格雷贝尔，留下茨温利的改革时，茨温利受损。来自瑞士苏黎世的运动是由传教士传播到奥地利和摩拉维亚，德国南部和低地国家。 Bender described the movement as the logical culmination of the reform begun but left unfinished by Luther and Zwingli. Bender说，改革运动作为逻辑的顶点开始，但在未完成的路德和茨温利。 Its principal characteristics were discipleship, biblicism, and pacifism其主要特点是门徒，biblicism，以及和平主义

Swiss Anabaptism瑞士Anabaptism

Seeing the Bible as an alternative authority to Rome, the Grebel circle desired Zwingli to proceed rapidly to purify the city's religious establishment of such corruptions as the Mass. When Zwingli allowed the city council to determine the speed of reformation, it seemed to the radicals the substitution of one oppressive authority for another.看到罗马圣经作为替代的权力，格雷贝尔圈所需温格利进行迅速，净化城市的腐败行为作为宗教的马萨诸塞州设立这样当温格利让市议会来确定改革的速度，它似乎激进派的权力压迫的一个替代另一个。 The radical movement developed social as well as religious dimensions when its members joined forces with rural priests such as Simon Stumpf at Hongg and Wilhelm Reublin at Wittikon, who sought to establish self - governing Volkskirchen in the rural communities, independent of Zurich's central authority, both religious and civil.激进运动的发展以及与社会，包括宗教因素在其管理局成员联手与农村祭司等西门施通普夫在亨格和威廉Reublin在Wittikon，谁试图建立中央-自管Volkskirchen中的农村社区，独立的苏黎世宗教和民间。 The rebaptisms which occurred first on January 21, 1525, and from which come the name Anabaptism, originally expressed an anticlerical opposition to civil and religious authority outside of the local parish rather than a Free Church theological concept. 1525年发生的rebaptisms 1月21日第一次，并从其中的名称Anabaptism来，原本是当地教区表示反对反圣职者的民事和宗教之外的权威，而不是一个自由教会神学观。

Ultimately the attempts to become a mass movement failed and there emerged the idea of the church of the separated, persecuted, and defenseless minority.最终，试图成为一个群众运动失败，就出现了迫害思想，教会的分离，手无寸铁的少数民族。 The Schleitheim Articles of 1527, edited by Michael Sattler, consolidated this Swiss Anabaptism. 1527施莱特海姆的文章，萨特勒编辑的迈克尔，综合这家瑞士Anabaptism。 Its goal was not the purification of existing Christianity, as it was for the early Zurich radicals, but rather the separation of congregations of believers from the world.它的目标不是基督教净化现有的，因为它是为早期自由基苏黎世，而是全世界的信徒从教会分离。 Thus at Schleitheim first emerged the idea of a "free church."因此，在施莱特海姆首次出现教会所主张的“自由”。 These Swiss Brethren came to be known for their legalistic approach to the Bible, a salvation manifesting itself in the creation of separated congregations, and baptism which symbolized that salvation and made the baptizand a member of the congregation.这些瑞士的弟兄们来到被称为洗礼，他们墨守成规的态度，以圣经，一个拯救自己的分离表现在建立教会，并标志着救亡和取得的baptizand一众成员。

South German Anabaptism南德国Anabaptism

Hans Denck's concept of inner transformation was pacifist in expression, with focus more on the renewal of individuals than of society.汉斯Denck的转变思想，表达内心的和平是在与社会更注重对个人，而不是重建。 This inner, transforming Christ served Denck as an alternative authority both to the Roman hierarchy and to the learned exegesis of the Reformers.这种内在的，转化基督担任改革者Denck作为一种替代的权威同时向罗马层次和所学的注释。 Positing the inner Christ as ultimate authority made Denck less than absolute in his approach to adult baptism and the written word, both positions which brought upon him the criticism of the Swiss Brethren.并主张的内在基督弟兄会最终权力作出Denck不到绝对在他向成年洗礼和文字，这两个职位后，使他在瑞士的批评。

Hans Hut understood the inner transformation to be accomplished through the experience of both inner and outer struggle and suffering.汉斯必胜客理解内在的转化是痛苦的经验和成就，通过内部和外部两斗争。 Hut modified Munzer's revolutionary outlook, commanding the transformed believers to keep the revolutionary sword sheathed until God called for it.胡特修订闵采尔的革命人生观，指挥转化信徒保持革命剑护套直到上帝它呼吁。 Unlike the Swiss Brethren, Hut's practice of rebaptism was not to form separated congregations, but rather to mark the elect for the end - time judgment.不同的是瑞士弟兄们，必胜客的rebaptism做法并不形成分离的毕业典礼，而是要标记结束选出的-时间的判断。 Hut's movement gradually died out following his death in a jail fire.胡特的运动逐渐消失后，他在监狱火灾死亡。

A Hut legacy continued through several metamorphoses.一间小屋的遗产继续通过若干变动。 One form developed in Moravia, out of the conflict in the congregation at Nikolsburg between the pacifist Stabler (staff bearers), influenced by Hut and Swiss Brethren refugees, and the Schwertler (sword bearers), the majority party under the influence of Balthasar Hubmaier, who had established a state church form of Anabaptism in the city.一种形式摩拉维亚发展，目前，在冲突中的难民聚集在Nikolsburg的弟兄之间的和平斯特布勒（工作人员承担者瑞士），必胜客和影响，以及Schwertler（剑委员）中，巴尔塔萨Hubmaier多数党的影响下，谁建立了一个形式的城市国家，基督教教会的Anabaptism研究。 Forced to leave Nikolsburg in 1529, the Stabler pooled their few possessions as a survival necessity. 1529年被迫离开在Nikolsburg，汇集了斯特布勒一种生存需要很少的财产作为。 This community of goods, which became the movement's trademark, soon received a theological justification, making it a social expression of the inner mystical transformation of believers envisioned by Hut. Following the dispute - filled early years Jacob Hutter's strong leadership from 1533 to 1536 consolidated this Anabaptist form. His name still identifies the Hutterites in the twentieth century.本品社区，成为该运动的商标，很快获得了神学的理由，使其成为一个由必胜客社会表达的信徒所设想的转型内在神秘。随着争端-年雅各布胡特尔的坚强领导下从1533年填补初至1536巩固了这一再洗礼派的形式。标识他的名字仍然在20世纪的哈特莱特的。

Another form of the Hut legacy developed in South Germany around Pilgram Marpeck.另一种形式德国Marpeck周围皮尔格拉姆遗产小屋发展南部地区。 Although he left his native Tyrol after adopting Anabaptism, and while he was forced further to move several times because of his Anabaptist views, Marpeck's skills as a civil engineer enabled him to live in relative security.虽然他离开家乡后，通过Anabaptism蒂罗尔州，虽然他被迫进一步提出土木工程师几次再洗礼派的技巧，因为他作为一个意见，Marpeck的使他能够生活在相对安全。 Marpeck's view was not widely held and therefore is not normative for Anabaptism; but he did develop a mediating position on the Bible, critical both of the legalist Swiss and of spiritualist views. Marpeck的看法是没有得到广泛的举行，因此不Anabaptism规范性，但他并制定一本圣经，调解的立场的关键都法家瑞士和巫师的意见。 Rather than the radical social separation of the Swiss Brethren, Marpeck held to a separation of church and state which did not withhold all cooperation by believers.而不是激进的瑞士弟兄社会分离的，Marpeck举行一个信徒在教会和国家分离的不隐瞒所有的合作。

Low Countries Anabaptism低地国家Anabaptism

Two lines carried on in transformed fashion the Hofmann legacy.在霍夫曼的遗产转化的方式进行两行。 One, the revolutionary Melchiorites, founded the short - lived kingdom of Munster, 1534 - 35.一，革命Melchiorites，成立了短-明斯特，居住王国1534年- 35。 Under Jan Matthys, baptized as a disciple of Hofmann, and then under Jan van Leiden, who seized power at the death of Matthys, the revolutionary Melchiorites in the city of Munster gave a political and social expression to Hofmann's end - time kingdom.根据1月Matthys，受洗成为霍夫曼弟子，然后在扬凡莱登，谁抓住Matthys功率死亡，明斯特市在革命的Melchiorites了一种政治和社会表达霍夫曼的终结-时间的王国。 They transformed his idea of divine vengeance so that in Munster the members of the kingdom carried out vengeance upon anyone who opposed them.他们改变了他的复仇思想，以便在明斯特神圣王国的成员对他们进行报复后，任何人谁反对。 Following the fall of the city revolutionary Melchioritism died out, although it was carried on for a time by personages such as Jan van Batenburg.随着城市的秋天革命Melchioritism死了，虽然是对车进行巴滕堡一时间人士，如1月

The pacifist line from Hofmann runs through Menno Simons, who left the priesthood in 1536 and whose name twentieth century Mennonites carry.从霍夫曼和平主义者线贯穿门诺门诺西门子，谁留在晋铎1536年和20世纪的名字进行。 After the fall of Munster, Menno rallied the peaceful Melchiorites as well as the surviving Munsterites disillusioned with violence.蒙斯特倒台后，门诺凝聚了和平Melchiorites以及尚存Munsterites暴力与失望。 Menno replaced Hofmann's near end time with the idea of a time of peace which had already begun with Jesus.门诺取代霍夫曼的开始与结束时已经接近耶稣的时间与有想法的时候的和平。 Using the aberrant "celestial flesh" Christology of Hofmann which he adopted, Menno developed concepts of the transformation of the individual and of the assembly of a spotless church.使用异常的“天肉”通过基督，他的霍夫曼，门诺教会发展观念的转变，一尘不染的个人和大会的一个研究。

Although beginning from different presuppositions, Menno's positions on transformed individuals and a pure, separated church resembled closely the outlook of the Schleitheim Articles.虽然开始从不同的前提，是施莱特海姆文章门诺的立场上改变个人和纯，分离教会的密切相似的前景。 The heirs of the various Anabaptist groups came to recognize their common emphases on the Bible, adult baptism, pacifism, and sense of separation from the state church and worldly society.再洗礼派团体的继承人的各种来认识和世俗社会的共同重点研究圣经，成人洗礼，和平主义，分离意识的国家教堂。 They had contacts and discussions and divisions.他们的接触和讨论，分歧。 While they never united into one homogeneous body, some sense of unity developed, as represented by the Concept of Cologne signed in 1591 by fifteen preachers, the first confession of faith accepted simultaneously by Dutch and High and Low German Mennonites.虽然他们从来没有团结成一个单一的机构，一些发达国家的团结意识，作为科隆代表由1591年签署的概念由15个传教士，首先供认的信仰，同时接受了荷兰和德国的高与低门诺派。

Spiritualists招魂

Evangelical Rationalists福音理性

JD Weaver韦弗第纳尔
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary) （埃尔韦尔福音字典）

Bibliography 书目
WR Estep, ed., Anabaptist Beginnings; EJ Furcha, ed., Selected Writings of Hans Dench; L Harder, ed., Grebeliana; W Klaassen, ed., Anabaptism in Outline; W Klaassen and W Klassen, eds., The Writings of Pilgram Marpeck; JC Wenger, ed., The Complete Writings of Menno Simons; GH Williams and A Mergal, eds., Spiritual and Anabaptist Writers; JH Yoder, ed., The Legacy of Michael Sattler; RS Armour, Anabaptist Baptism; RH Bainton, "Left Wing of the Reformation," in Studies in the Reformation, 2, and The Travail of Religious Liberty; HS Bender, The Anabaptist Vision and Conrad Grebel;西铁埃斯特普，教育署。，再洗礼派的开端; Ej为Furcha，编辑。，选择汉斯写作的丹奇的L哈德，编辑。，Grebeliana; W Klaassen，编辑。，Anabaptism在大纲; W Klaassen和W克拉森，合编。，在写作对皮尔格拉姆Marpeck;赛马温格，教育署。，完整的门诺西门子著作;生长激素威廉姆斯和A玛格利塔梅尔加尔合编。，精神文明和再洗礼派的作家; JH约德，编辑。，萨特勒遗产的迈克尔;遥感盔甲，再洗礼派的洗礼;相对湿度班顿，“左自由特拉韦尔宗教联队的改革，”在研究的改革和2;房协本德尔，再洗礼派远景与康拉德格雷贝尔;

T Bergsten, Balthasar Hubmaier; CJ Dyck, Introduction to Mennonite History and (ed.), A Legacy of Faith; R Friedmann, Hutterite Studies; HJ Hillerbrand, ed., A Bibliography of Anabaptism and A Fellowship of Discontent; W Klassen, Covenant and Community; M Lienhard, ed., The Origins and Characteristics of Anabaptism; Mennonite Encyclopedia, I - IV; JS Oyer, Lutheran Reformers Against Anabaptists; WO Packull, Mysticism and the Early South German - Austrian Anabaptist Movement; JM Stayer, Anabaptists and the Sword and "The Swiss Brethren,"; JM Stayer and WO Packull, eds., The Anabaptists and Thomas Munzer; JM Stayer, WO Packull, and K Deppermann, "From Monogenesis to Polygenesis," MQR 49; DC Steinmetz, Reformers in the Wings; GH Williams, The Radical Reformation. Ŧ伯格斯登，巴尔塔萨Hubmaier;终审法院首席法官戴克，门诺历史和简介（编辑），一种信仰遗产与r弗里德曼，Hutterite研究;黄建忠Hillerbrand，编辑。，阿Anabaptism书目和阿金的不满; W克拉森，圣约与社区，间林哈德，编辑。，起源和Anabaptism特征;门诺百科全书，我-四; js中耶，反对再洗礼派路德宗教改革和安Packull，神秘主义与早期南德国-奥地利再洗礼派运动; JM斯特耶，anabaptists和剑和“瑞士弟兄们，”JM斯特耶和WO Packull，合编。，和托马斯闵采尔的anabaptists; JM斯特耶，窝Packull和K德佩曼，无性生殖“从以多细胞繁殖，”MQR 49;直流斯坦梅茨，在改革者的翅膀;生长激素威廉姆斯，激进改革。

This subject presentation in the original English language这在原来的主题演讲， 英语