Monotheism is the religious conception of a single and transcendent God. It contrasts particularly with Polytheism, belief in many gods, and Pantheism, belief in God as synonymous with the universe. 一神教是宗教的概念，一个单一的和超越的上帝，它的对比，特别是多神教的信仰，在许多神，和泛神论的信仰，上帝的代名词，与宇宙。 Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are the principal monotheistic religions.犹太教，基督教和伊斯兰教是主要的一神教。
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[[6]] Topics: Monotheism Monotheism is the belief that there is only one God. [ 6 ]主题：神神是信仰是有上只有一个真主。 Related terms are polytheism (the belief that there are many gods), henotheism (belief in one supreme god, though not necessarily to the exclusion of belief in other lesser gods), monolatry (worship of only one god, though not necessarily denying that other gods exist), and atheism (denying or disbelieving in the existence of any gods at all).相关术语是多神教（相信有很多神） ， henotheism （信仰在一个最高的上帝，虽然不一定要排除的信仰在其他较小的神） ， monolatry （崇拜上只有一个真主，尽管不一定是无可否认，其他神的存在） ，和无神论（拒绝或不相信，在存在任何神在所有） 。
Atheism was not particularly attractive to the Israelite people in ancient times.无神论是不是特别有吸引力的向以色列人人民在远古时代。 They were convinced that only fools would be so spiritually ignorant as to deny the existence of a supreme being (Pss. 14:1; 53:1).他们深信，只有傻瓜会如此愚昧的精神，以否认存在最高法院正（ pss. 14时01分; 53:1 ） 。 For the people of God, the fear of the Lord was the beginning of wisdom and knowledge (Ps. 111:10; Prov. 1:7; 9:10).为人民的上帝，敬畏耶和华是智慧的开端和知识（诗篇111:10 ;省1时07分; 9时10分） 。 But if the Israelites did not doubt that there was at least one God, the nations on their borders faced them with the tantalizing possibility that there might be more than one.但如果以色列人并不怀疑有至少有一个上帝，国家对在其境内所面临的他们与诱人的可能性，有可能不止一个。 Egypt, Phoenicia, Aram, Ammon, Moab, Edom, these and other nations were polytheistic, henotheistic, or monolatrous throughout their history in ancient times.埃及，腓尼基， aram ，亚扪人，莫阿布，益登，这些和其他国家的polytheistic ， henotheistic ，或monolatrous在其整个历史，在远古时代。 One of the questions raised by the OT is whether Israel would remain monotheistic or be attracted by the religious options preferred by its pagan neighbors.其中一个问题所提出的酒店是以色列是否将继续一神教或吸引由宗教界选项的首选其异教的邻居。
Students of comparative religion have suggested that the religions of mankind evolved from lower stages to ever higher stages, the highest of all being monotheism.学生比较宗教有建议认为，宗教是人类进化从低级阶段向更高的阶段，最高的都被神。 They have proposed that Israelite religion began as animism, the belief that every natural object is inhabited by a supernatural spirit.他们建议以色列人宗教开始万物有灵论，相信每一个自然物体是居住的一超自然的精神。 After animism, we are told, the idea developed in Israel that some spirits were more powerful than others and deserved to be called "gods."之后，万物有灵论，告诉我们，思想，制定了在以色列的一些精神被更强大的比别人和当之无愧的被称为“神” 。 Eventually the most powerful of all became preeminent above the others, and the people believed in his supreme authority and worshipped him alone.最终最强大的一切，成为杰出的上述其他和全国人民，相信在他的最高权威和崇拜他单独负责。 Finally, Israel became willing to admit that the lesser gods had no existence whatever.最后，以色列成为愿意承认较轻的神的存在，没有什么。 Comparative religion, then, often teaches that Israel's religion underwent a process of evolution from animism to polytheism to henotheism to monotheism.比较宗教，那么，常常教导我们，以色列的宗教经历了一个演变过程，从万物有灵论，以多神教，以henotheism向一神教。
But it cannot be shown that polytheistic religions always gradually reduce the number of their gods, finally arriving at only one.但它并不能证明polytheistic宗教始终是逐步减少的数目他们的神，最后到达只有一个。 For example, there are innumerable Hindu deities (estimates range from several hundred thousand to 800 million, depending on how deity is defined), and the number seems actually to be increasing.举例来说，有无数的印度教神（估计数字的范围从几十万到8.0亿，这取决于如何界定是神） ，以及有多少，似乎实际上是要增加。 Since a religion may add more and more deities as it followers become aware of more and more natural phenomena to deify, it is just as plausible to assume that polytheism is the end product of evolution from an original monotheism as it is to assume the reverse.由于宗教可能会增加，越来越多的神，因为它的追随者成为意识到越来越多的自然现象，以神化，它只是作为合理的假设是多神教最终产品的演变从原先的一神论，因为这是假设相反。
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary) （ elwell福音事工促进会，字典）
Monotheism (from the Greek monos "only", and theos "god") is a word coined in comparatively modern times to designate belief in the one supreme God, the Creator and Lord of the world, the eternal Spirit, All-powerful, All-wise, and All-good, the Rewarder of good and the Punisher of evil, the Source of our happiness and perfection.神（从希腊monos “只” ，并theos “上帝” ）是一个Word创造了在比较现代的时代指定的信念，一个最高的上帝，造物主和上帝的世界，永恒的精神，所有强大的，所有-明智的，所有的好， rewarder良好和punisher邪恶，来源，我们的幸福和完善。 It is opposed to Polytheism, which is belief in more gods than one, and to Atheism, which is disbelief in any deity whatsoever.这是反对多神教，这是信仰的神，更比一，和无神论，这是难以置信的任何神的事。 In contrast with Deism, it is the recognition of God's presence and activity in every part of creation.而相比之下，自然神论，它是承认上帝的存在和活动的每一个部分的创作。 In contrast with Pantheism, it is belief in a God of conscious freedom, distinct from the physical world.而相比之下，泛神论，它是信仰，在神的意识自由，有别于物质世界。 Both Deism and Pantheism are religious philosophies rather than religions.双方自然神论和泛神论是宗教哲学，而非宗教。
On the other hand, Monotheism, like Polytheism, is a term applying primarily to a concrete system of religion.在另一方面，神一样，多神教，是一个长远的应用主要是为了一个具体的系统的宗教。 The grounds of reason underlying monotheism have already been set forth in the article GOD.的理由，背后的原因，神已经提出了在文章中的上帝。 These grounds enable the inquiring mind to recognize the existence of God as a morally certain truth.这些理由，使探究的态度承认上帝存在作为一个在道义上的某些真相。 Its reasonableness acquires still greater force from the positive data associated with the revelation of Christianity.其合理性收购仍然更大的力量，从正面与之相关的数据的启示基督教。 (See REVELATION.) （见启示） 。
PRIMITIVE MONOTHEISM原始神
Was monotheism the religion of our first parents?是一神论的宗教，我们的第一父母？ Many Evolutionists and Rationalist Protestants answer No. Rejecting the very notion of positive, Divine revelation, they hold that the mind of man was in the beginning but little above that of his ape-like ancestors, and hence incapable of grasping so intellectual a conception as that of Monotheism.许多进化论者和理性新教徒号拒绝回答非常积极的概念，神的启示，他们认为心目中的男子在一开始，但略高于认为他的猿一样的祖先，因此无法把握，使智力的概念，作为即神。
They assert that the first religious notions entertained by man in his upward course towards civilization were superstitions of the grossest kind.他们断言，第一，宗教的概念，受理男子在其上升过程中对文明迷信的粗暴的一种。 In a word, primitive man was, in their opinion, a savage, differing but little from existing savages in his intellectual, moral, and religious life.在一个Word中，原始的男子，他们认为，野蛮，不同的，但很少从现有的野蛮人在他的智力，道德和宗教生活。 Catholic doctrine teaches that the religion of our first parents was monotheistic and supernatural, being the result of Divine revelation.天主教教义教导我们，宗教，我们首先是家长和超自然的神，结果被神的启示。 Not that primitive man without Divine help could not possibly have come to know and worship God.不是原始人没有神的帮助，不可能有来认识和崇拜上帝。 The first man, like his descendants today, had by nature the capacity and the aptitude for religion.第一名男子一样，他的子孙，今天，已经由自然的能力和性向的宗教。 Being a man in the true sense, with the use of reason, he had the tendency then, as men have now, to recognize in the phenomena of nature the workings of a mind and a will vastly superior to his own.被一名男子在真正意义上，与使用的原因，他的倾向，那么，作为男人，现在认识到在现象的性质的工作心态和将大大优于他自己。 But, as he lacked experience and scientific knowledge, it was not easy for him to unify the diverse phenomena of the visible world.不过，由于他缺乏经验和科学知识，是不容易的，他统一的各种现象的有形世界。 Hence he was not without danger of going astray in his religious interpretation of nature.因此，他不无危险误入歧途，在他的宗教解释的性质。 He was liable to miss the important truth that, as nature is a unity, so the God of nature is one.他是被错过重要的真理，自然是一个团结，因此，上帝自然是其中之一。 Revelation was morally necessary for our first parents, as it is for men today, to secure the possession of true monotheistic belief and worship.启示是在道义上有必要为我们的第一家长，因为这是男性的今天，以确保藏有真正的一神教信仰和崇拜。 The conception that Almighty God vouchsafed such a revelation is eminently reasonable to everyone who recognizes that the end of man is to know, love, and serve God.观认为，全能的上帝vouchsafed这样一个启示，是非常合理的，大家谁认识到年底的男子是要知道，爱，和服务于上帝。 It is repugnant to think that the first generations of men were left to grope in the dark, ignorant alike of the true God and of their religious duties, while at the same time it was God's will that they should know and love Him.这是令人反感的认为，第一代的男子离开在黑暗中摸索，无论是无知的真神和他们的宗教职责，而在同一时间，这是上帝的意志，他们应该知道和爱他。 The instruction in religion which children receive from their parents and superiors, anticipating their powers of independent reasoning, and guiding them to a right knowledge of God, being impossible for our first parents, was not without a fitting substitute.指示，在宗教，其中儿童接受由他们的父母和上级，期待着他们的权力，独立的推理，并指导他们正确的知识，上帝，不可能为我们的第一家长，是不是没有装修的替代品。 They were set right from the first in the knowledge of their religious duties by a Divine revelation.他们设置的权利，从第一次在知识他们的宗教职责，由神的启示。 It is a Catholic dogma, intimately connected with the dogma of original sin and with that of the Atonement, that our first parents were raised to the state of sanctifying grace and were destined to a supernatural end, namely, the beatific vision of God in heaven.这是一个天主教教条，有着密切的联系与教条的原罪，并与该赎罪，我们首先家长提出了该国sanctifying的宽限期，并注定要一超自然结束，即， beatific的远景上帝在天上。 This necessarily implies supernatural faith, which could come only by revelation.这必然意味着超自然的信仰，这可能来只有启示。
Nor is there anything in sound science or philosophy to invalidate this teaching that Monotheistic belief was imparted by God to primitive man.也不是有什么在健全的科学哲学或无效，这教学一神教信仰被灌输上帝原始人。 While it may be true that human life in the beginning was on a comparatively low plane of material culture, it is also true that the first men were endowed with reason, ie, with the ability to conceive with sufficient distinctness of a being who was the cause of the manifold phenomena presented in nature.虽然它可能是事实，人类生活在开始时是在一个比较低的平面的物质文化，这也是事实第一的男子赋有理性，即与能力的设想有足够的特异性一个正在谁是造成这一现象提出了多方面的性质。 On the other hand, a humble degree of culture along the lines of art and industry is quite compatible with right religion and morality, as is evident in the case of tribes converted to Catholicism in recent times; while retaining much of their rude and primitive mode of living, they have reached very clear notions concerning God and shown remarkable fidelity in the observance of His law.在另一方面，虚心程度的文化大致相同的艺术和产业是相当兼容的权利，宗教和道德，这是显而易见的，在案件部落转换为天主教在最近的时代;得多，同时保留他们的粗鲁和原始模式生活，他们已达到非常清楚的概念，关于上帝和显着富达在遵守他的律师。 As to the bearing of the Evolutionistic hypothesis on this question, see FETISHISM.至于轴承的evolutionistic假说在这个问题上，看到拜物教。 It is thus quite in accordance with the accredited results of physical science to maintain that the first man, created by God, was keen of mind as well as sound of body, and that, through Divine instruction, he began life with right notions of God and of his moral and religious duties.因此，这是不少在按照认可的结果，物理科学保持第一名男子，上帝创造的，是激烈的心态，以及健全的身体，而且，通过神的指示，他开始生活与权利的概念，上帝和他的道德和宗教的职责。 This does not necessarily mean that his conception of God was scientifically and philosophically profound.这并不一定意味着他的概念，上帝是科学和哲学的深刻。 Here it is that scholars are wide of the mark when they argue that Monotheism is a conception that implies a philosophic grasp and training of mind absolutely impossible to primitive man.在这里，那就是学者们广泛的马克时，他们争辩说，神是一个概念，这意味着哲学的把握和训练的心态，绝对不可能原始人。
The notion of the supreme God needed for religion is not the highly metaphysical conception demanded by right philosophy.的概念，最高人民法院上帝所需要的宗教是没有高度的形而上的概念所要求的权利哲学。 If it were, but few could hope for salvation.如果它，但很少有人能够，希望为救赎。 The God of religion is the unspeakably great Lord on whom man depends, in whom he recognizes the source of his happiness and perfection; He is the righteous Judge, rewarding good and punishing evil; the loving and merciful Father, whose ear is ever open to the prayers of His needy and penitent children.上帝的宗教是unspeakably伟大勋爵的人，取决于男子，在他认识的来源，他的幸福和完善;他是正义的法官，奖励良好和惩治邪恶;爱和慈悲的父亲，他们的耳朵，是以往任何时候都开放祈祷他的忏悔和有需要的儿童。 Such a conception of God can be readily grasped by simple, unphilosophic minds -- by children, by the unlettered peasant, by the converted savage.这样一个概念，上帝可以很容易掌握，简单， unphilosophic头脑-由儿童，由未予农民，由改装的野蛮。
Nor are these notions of a supreme being utterly lacking even where barbarism still reigns.也不是这些概念，最高法院正在完全缺乏即使在野蛮仍然普遍存在。 Bishop Le Roy, in his interesting work, "Religion des primitifs" (Paris, 1909), and Mr. A. Lang, in his "Making of Religion" (New York, 1898), have emphasized a point too often overlooked by students of religion, namely, that with all their religious crudities and superstitions, such low-grade savages as the Pygmies of the Northern Congo, the Australians, and the natives of the Andaman Islands entertain very noble conceptions of the Supreme Deity.主教勒华，在他的有趣的工作， “宗教万primitifs ” （巴黎， 1909 ） ，和先生答：郎咸平，在他的“宗教” （纽约， 1898 ） ，都强调这一点，往往忽略了学生宗教，即，与所有crudities他们的宗教和迷信，这种低品位野蛮人作为俾格米人的北部刚果，澳洲，和本土的安达曼群岛受理，非常崇高的概念，最高人民法院神。 To say, then, that primitive man, fresh from the hand of God, was incapable of monotheistic belief, even with the aid of Divine revelation, is contrary to well-ascertained fact.也就是说，那么，原始人，新鲜从上帝之手，下落不明，无法一神教信仰，甚至与援助神圣的启示，相反是要好好确定的事实。 From the opening chapters of Genesis we gather that our first parents recognized God to be the author of all things, their Lord and Master, the source of their happiness, rewarding good and punishing evil.从开放章节的成因，我们收集我们的第一次家长承认上帝是作者的所有事情，他们的勋爵和掌握该消息人士透露，他们的幸福，奖励良好和惩治邪恶。 The simplicity of their life made the range of their moral obligation easy of recognition.简单的生活作出了一系列他们的道义上的责任，很容易识别。 Worship was of the simplest kind.崇拜是最简单的一种。
MOSAIC MONOTHEISM花叶神
The ancient Hebrew religion, promulgated by Moses in the name of Jehovah (Jahweh), was an impressive form of Monotheism.古代希伯来宗教，所颁布的郑慕智在名称耶和华（ jahweh ） ，是一个令人印象深刻的形式，神。 That it was Divinely revealed is the unmistakable teaching of Holy Scripture, particularly of Exodus and the following books which treat explicitly of Mosaic legislation.这是神透露，是明确无误的教学圣经，尤其是出埃及记和下列书籍，其中治疗明确的花叶法例。 Even non-Catholic Scriptural scholars, who no longer accept the Pentateuch, as it stands, as the literary production of Moses, recognize, in great part, that, in the older sources which, according to them, go to make up the Pentateuch, there are portions that reach back to the time of Moses, showing the existence of Hebrew monotheistic worship in his day.甚至非天主教圣经学者，谁不再接受pentateuch ，因为它的立场，作为文学的生产，郑慕智，承认，在伟大的部分，即，在较旧的来源，据他们说，去弥补pentateuch ，有部分认为，达到回的时候，郑慕智，显示存在希伯来语一神教的崇拜在他那一天。 Now, the transcendent superiority of this Monotheism taught by Moses offers a strong proof of its Divine origin.现在，超越的优势，这个神教授由郑慕智提供了强有力的证明其神圣的起源。 At a time when the neighbouring nations representing the highest civilization of that time -- Egypt, Babylonia, Greece -- were giving an impure and idolatrous worship to many deities, we find the insignificant Hebrew people professing a religion in which idolatry, impure rites, and a degrading mythology had no legitimate place, but where, instead, belief in the one true God was associated with a dignified worship and a lofty moral code.在的时候，邻近国家代表最高的文明，当时-埃及，巴比伦，希腊-被给予一个不纯和i d olatrous崇拜许多神，我们认为微不足道的希伯来人自称是宗教，其中偶像崇拜，不纯的仪式，和有辱人格的神话没有合法地位，但如果相反，相信在一个真实的上帝是与一个有尊严的崇拜和崇高的道德准则。 Those who reject the claim of Mosaic Monotheism to have been revealed have never yet succeeded in giving a satisfactory explanation of this extraordinary phenomenon.这些谁拒绝的索赔花叶一神教已透露，从来没有成功地在给予一个满意的交代，这个不寻常的现象。 It was, however, pre-eminently the religion of the Hebrew people, destined in the fullness of time to give place to the higher monotheistic religion revealed by Christ, in which all the nations of the earth should find peace and salvation.然而，它预先遥不可及，宗教的希伯来文的人，注定在丰满的时间给地方，向更高的一神教的宗教透露，由基督，在其中所有国家的地球应该找到和平与救赎。 The Jewish people was thus God's chosen people, not so much by reason of their own merit, as because they were destined to prepare the way for the absolute and universal religion, Christianity.犹太人民的，因此上帝的选择了人民，而不是这么多的理由，他们自己的优点，因为他们是注定要作好准备，为绝对和普遍的宗教，基督教。 The God of Moses is no mere tribal deity.神郑慕智是没有纯粹的部落神。 He is the Creator and Lord of the world.他是造物主和上帝的世界。 He gives over to His chosen people the land of the Chanaanites.他给过他选择了人民，土地的chanaanites 。 He is a jealous God, forbidding not only worship of strange gods, but the use of images, which might lead to abuses in that age of almost universal idolatry.他是一个嫉妒的上帝，禁止不仅崇拜的神奇怪，但使用的图片，可能导致滥用，在这个年龄的几乎普遍的偶像崇拜。 Love of God is made a duty, but reverential fear is the predominant emotion.上帝的爱是有责任，但reverential恐惧是最主要的情感。 The religious sanction of the law is centred chiefly in temporal rewards and punishments.宗教制裁的法律，主要是集中在颞兑现奖惩。 Laws of conduct, though determined by justice rather than by charity and mercy, are still eminently humane.法律的行为，虽然确定的正义，而非由慈善和怜悯，仍然是遥不可及，人道的。
CHRISTIAN MONOTHEISM基督教神
The sublime Monotheism taught by Jesus Christ has no parallel in the history of religions.崇高神教导耶稣基督没有平行，在宗教史。 God is presented to us as the loving, merciful Father, not of one privileged people, but of all mankind.上帝是向我们介绍，作为爱，仁慈的父亲，而不是一个享有特权的人，而是全体人类。 In this filial relation with God -- a relation of confidence, gratitude, love -- Christ centres our obligations both to God and to our fellow-men.在这方面的孝道与上帝的关系-一个关系的信心，感谢，爱-基督中心，我们的义务，都向上帝和我们的同胞-男子。 He lays hold of the individual soul and reveals to it its high destiny of Divine sonship.他奠定了掌握个人的灵魂，并揭示了它的高命运的神sonship 。 At the same time, He impresses on us the corresponding duty of treating others as God's children, and hence as our brethren, entitled not simply to justice, but to mercy and charity.在同一时间内，他的印象对我们的相应的责任，治疗他人上帝的儿女，因此，作为我们的弟兄们，题为不仅仅是正义，而是要怜悯和施舍。 To complete this idea of Christian fellowship, Jesus shows Himself to be the eternal Son of God, sent by His heavenly Father to save us from sin, to raise us to the life of grace and to the dignity of children of God through the atoning merits of His life and death.要完成这个想法的基督徒团契，耶稣表明自己是永恒的上帝的儿子，发出了他的天父来拯救我们从单仲偕，以提高我们的生活的恩典和尊严的儿童上帝通过atoning的优点他的生活和死亡。 The love of God the Father thus includes the love of His incarnate Son.上帝的爱的父亲，因此，包括爱他的肉身的儿子。 Personal devotion to Jesus is the motive of right conduct in Christian Monotheism.个人奉献的耶稣是动机的权利的行为，基督教一神论。 Co-operating in the sanctification of mankind is the Holy Ghost, the Spirit of truth and life, sent to confirm the faithful in faith, hope, and charity.合作经营，在神圣的人类是圣灵，真理的圣灵和生命，发送，以确认忠实的信仰，希望，慈善机构。 These three Divine Persons, distinct from one another, equal in all things, Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, are one in essence, a trinity of persons in the one, undivided Godhead (see TRINITY).这三个神圣的人，有别于一，平等的在一切事上，父亲，儿子，和圣灵，是一个在本质上，一个三位一体的人在一，不可分割的神的源头（见三一） 。 Such is the Monotheism taught by Jesus.这是神教导耶稣。 The guaranty of the truth of His teaching is to be found in His supreme moral excellence, in the perfection of His ethical teaching, in His miracles, especially His bodily resurrection, and in His wonderful influence on mankind for all time.担保的真相，他的教学是要发现在他的最高道德追求卓越，在完善他的伦理教学，在他的奇迹，尤其是他的身体复活，并在他的精彩的影响对人类的所有时间。 (Cf. John 17:3; 1 Corinthians 8:4) As Christianity in its beginnings was surrounded by the polytheistic beliefs and practices of the pagan world, a clear and authoritative expression of Monotheism was necessary. （参见约翰17时03分;哥林多前书8时04分） ，基督教在其开始被包围，由polytheistic信仰和习俗的异教的世界，一个明确的和权威性的表达神是必要的。 Hence the symbols of faith, or creeds, open with the words: "I [we] believe in God [theon, deum]" or, more explicitly, "I [we] believe in one God [hena theon, unum deum]".因此，象征的信仰，或信仰，与开放的话： “我[我们]相信上帝， [ theon ， deum ] ” ，或更明确， “我[我们]相信在一神[ hena theon ， unum deum ] ” 。 (See Denzinger-Bannwart, "Enchiridion", 1-40; cf. APOSTLES' CREED; ATHANASIAN CREED; NICENE CREED.) Among the early heresies, some of the most important and most directly opposed to Monotheism arose out of the attempt to account for the origin of evil. （见登青格- bannwart ， “ enchiridion ” ， 1-40 ;比照使徒'的信条;亚他那修信经信条;尼西亚信） ，其中早期的歪理邪说，一些最重要的和最直接的反对一神教产生于企图帐户为原产地的邪恶。 Good they ascribed to one divine principle, evil to another.好，他们归因于一个神圣的原则，邪恶到另一个。 (See GNOSTICISM; MANICHÆISM; MARCIONITES.) These dualistic errors gave occasion for a vigorous defence of Monotheism by such writers as St. Irenæus, Tertullian, St. Augustine, etc. (see Bardenhewer-Shahan, "Patrology", St. Louis, 1908). （见诺斯底主义; manichæism ; marcionites ） 。这些二元对立的错误了的场合，大力辩护神等作家的圣irenæus ，良，圣奥古斯丁，等（见巴登黑韦尔-沙汉， “ patrology ” ，圣路易斯， 1908年） 。
The same doctrine naturally held the foremost place in the teaching of the missionaries who converted the races of Northern Europe; in fact, it may be said that the diffusion of Monotheism is one of the great achievements of the Catholic Church.同时举行的学说自然是首要的地方，在教学中的传教士谁转换赛事北部的欧洲;事实上，可以说，扩散神是伟大成就之一的天主教教会。 In the various conciliar definitions regarding the Trinity of Persons in God, emphasis is laid on the unity of the Divine nature; see, eg, Fourth Council of Lateran (1215), in Denzinger-Bannwart, "Enchiridion", 428.在各种conciliar的定义，关于三位一体的人在上帝，重点是省览的统一的神性;例如，见第四届理事会的拉特兰（ 1215 ） ，在登青格- bannwart ， “ enchiridion ” ， 428 。 The medieval Scholastics, taking up the traditional belief, brought to its support a long array of arguments based on reason; see, for instance, St. Thomas, "Contra Gentes", I, xlii; and St. Anselm, "Monol.", iv.中世纪scholastics ，同时考虑了传统的信仰，提请其支持一个长期的数组的论据的基础上的原因;见，例如，圣托马斯， “魂斗罗gentes ” ，我，四十二;和圣安瑟伦， “ monol ” 。 ，四。 During the last three centuries the most conspicuous tendency outside the Catholic Church has been towards such extreme positions as those of Monism and Pantheism in which it is asserted that all things are really one in substance, and that God is identical with the world.在过去三个世纪的最突出的趋势以外的天主教教会一直对这种极端的立场，这些一元论和泛神论在它声称，所有的东西，真的是一个在物质，上帝是相同的与世界。 The Church, however, has steadfastly maintained, not only that God is essentially distinct from all things else, but also that there is only one God.教会，不过，坚定不移地保持下去，不仅如此，上帝基本上是有别于其他所有的事情，但也有只有一个真主。 "If any one deny the one true God, Creator and Lord of all things visible and invisible, let him be anathema" (Conc. Vatican., Sess. III, "De fide", can. i). “如果任何一个否定一个真神，造物主勋爵和所有的东西，有形及无形，让他被诅咒” （ conc.梵蒂冈， sess 。三， “时点真正的” ，可我） 。
MOHAMMEDAN MONOTHEISM穆罕默德神
Of Mohammedan Monotheism little need be said. The Allah of the Koran is practically one with the Jehovah of the Old Testament. Its keynote is islam, submissive resignation to the will of God, which is expressed in everything that happens.穆罕默德的一神教没有必要说。安拉的可兰经，实际上是一个与耶和华的旧约。基调是伊斯兰教，顺从辞职的意愿，上帝，这是表示在一切事情。 Allah is, to use the words of the Koran, "The Almighty, the All-knowing, the All-just, the Lord of the worlds, the Author of the heavens and the earth, the Creator of life and death, in whose hand is dominion and irresistible power, the great all-powerful Lord of the glorious throne. God is the mighty . . . the Swift in reckoning, who knoweth every ant's weight of good and of ill that each man hath done, and who suffereth not the reward of the faithful to perish. He is the King, the Holy, . . . the Guardian over His servants, the Shelterer of the orphan, the Guide of the erring, the Deliverer from every affliction, the Friend of the bereaved, the Consoler of the afflicted, . . . the generous Lord, the gracious Hearer, the Near-at-hand, the Compassionate, the Merciful, the Forgiving" (cited from "Islam", by Ameer Ali Syed).安拉是，如果要使用的话，可兰经， “万能的，全知，全公正，主世界，作者的天地，创造生命和死亡，在其手是统治和不可抗拒的力量，伟大的所有强大的魔戒光荣的宝座。上帝是威武。 。 。迅速在推算，谁knoweth每一个蚂蚁的重量和良好的虐待，每个人祂所做，谁不是suffereth悬赏忠实灭亡。他是国王，神圣的， … … 。监护人超过他的仆人， shelterer的孤儿，本指南的erring ，送由每一个痛苦，朋友，家属， consoler对受影响的， … … 。勋爵的慷慨，大方言外，近在手，同情心，仁慈，宽恕“ （摘自”伊斯兰“ ，由ameer阿里赛义德） 。 The influence of the Bible, particularly the Old Testament, on Mohammedan Monotheism is well known and need not be dwelt on here.影响圣经，尤其是旧约，关于穆罕默德神是众所周知的，而且不必花就在这里。
MONOTHEISM AND POLYTHEISTIC RELIGIONS神和宗教polytheistic
What has thus far been said leads to the conclusion that Christian Monotheism and its antecedent forms, Mosaic and primitive Monotheism, are independent in their origin of the Polytheistic religions of the world.什么迄今已有人说，导致的结论是，基督教一神论和其前身形式，马赛克及原始神，是独立的在其原产地的polytheistic宗教的世界。 The various forms of polytheism that now flourish, or that have existed in the past, are the result of man's faulty attempts to interpret nature by the light of unaided reason.各种形式的多神教，现在蓬勃发展，或已经存在，在过去，是由于人的错误，企图解释的性质，所针对外援的原因。 Wherever the scientific view of nature has not obtained, the mechanical, secondary causes that account for such striking phenomena as sun, moon, lightning, tempest, have invariably been viewed either as living beings, or as inert bodies kept in movement by invisible, intelligent agents.而科学的自然观没有得到，机械，中学的原因，帐户等突出的现象，太阳，月亮，雷电，暴风雨，都被认为无论是作为生物的，或者作为惰性机构存放在运动无形的，智能代理商。 This personalizing of the striking phenomena of nature was common among the highest pagan nations of antiquity.这个个性化的突出现象的性质是共同的最高的国家之一异教的国家古物。 It is the common view among peoples of inferior culture today.这是共同的见解，各国人民之间的劣质文化的今天。 It is only since modern science has brought all these phenomena within the range of physical law that the tendency to view them as manifestations of distinct personalities has been thoroughly dispelled.这只是因为现代科学带来了所有这些现象的各种物理法的倾向，以查看他们的表现鲜明的个性已被彻底消除。 Now such a personalizing of nature's forces is compatible with Monotheism so long as these different intelligences fancied to produce the phenomena are viewed as God's creatures, and hence not worthy of Divine worship.现在这种个性化的大自然的力量是兼容的与神，只要这些不同的智力，办好足球产生的现象，被看作是上帝的动物，因此不值得神的崇拜。 But where the light of revelation has been obscured in whole or in part, the tendency to deify these personalities associated with natural phenomena has asserted itself.但鉴于启示已经模糊了全部或部分，神化的倾向，这些人物与自然现象的断言本身。
In this way polytheistic nature-worship seems to have arisen.在这样polytheistic自然崇拜似乎已经出现。 It arose from the mistaken application of a sound principle, which man everywhere seems naturally to possess, namely, that the great operations of nature are due to the agency of mind and will.它是由错误的应用一套完善的原则，这名男子似乎无处不在，自然拥有，就是伟大的业务性质，是由于该机构的心态和意志。 Professor George Fisher observes: "The polytheistic religions did not err in identifying the manifold activities of nature with voluntary agency. The spontaneous feelings of mankind in this particular are not belied by the principles of philosophy. The error of polytheism lies in the splintering of that will which is immanent in all the operations of nature into a plurality of personal agents, a throng of divinities, each active and dominant within a province of its own" ("Grounds of Christian and Theistic Belief", 1903, p. 29).教授乔治费希尔指出： “ polytheistic宗教并没有错误，在确定流形的活动的性质，与志愿机构。自发的感情，人类在这方面，特别是不belied的各项原则的哲学。错误的多神教，关键在分裂的表示，将是上苍在所有的业务性质，成为一个多元化的个人代理人， throng的神，每一个积极和主导内部的一个省，其自身的“ （ ”为理由，基督教和有神论信仰“ ， 1903年，第29页） 。 Polytheistic nature-worship is to be found among practically all peoples who have lacked the guiding star of Divine revelation. polytheistic自然崇拜是要发现几乎所有的人民谁缺乏指导的明星神的启示。 Such history of these individual religions as we possess offers little evidence of an upward development towards Monotheism: on the contrary, in almost every instance of known historic development, the tendency has been to degenerate further and further from the monotheistic idea.这样的历史，这些个别宗教作为我们所拥有的优惠几乎没有证据表明有上升的发展对一神论：相反，几乎在每一个实例称为历史性的发展，趋势已沦为进一步，并进一步从一神教的想法。 There is, indeed, scarcely a Polytheistic religion in which one of the many deities recognized is not held in honour as the father and lord of the rest.因此，事实上，几乎没有一polytheistic宗教在其中的许多神是不承认举行的荣幸，作为父亲和上帝的休息。 That this is the result of an upward development, as non-Catholic scholars very generally assert, is speculatively possible.这是因一向上发展，作为非天主教学者很普遍断言，是speculatively可能。 But that it may as well be the outcome of a downward development from a primitive monotheistic belief cannot be denied.但它可能会以及被结果向下发展，从一个原始的一神教信仰，不能否认的。 The latter view seems to have the weight of positive evidence in its favour.后者的看法似乎有重量的积极证据，在其赞成。 The ancient Chinese religion, as depicted in the oldest records, was remarkably close to pure Monotheism.中国古代宗教，正如所描绘的最古老的记录，明显接近纯粹的一神教。 The gross Polytheistic nature-worship of the Egyptians of later times was decidedly a degeneration from the earlier quasi-Monotheistic belief.总polytheistic自然崇拜的埃及人对稍后的时间是断然一豆状核变性从较早前的准一神教信仰。 In the Vedic religion a strong Monotheistic tendency asserted itself, only to weaken later on and change into Pantheism.在吠陀宗教强烈的一神教的趋势，断言本身，只有削弱，稍后并转变成泛神论。 The one happy exception is the upward development which the ancient Aryan Polytheism took in the land of the Iranians.一个快乐的例外是向上发展，古代雅利安人多神教了在土地的伊朗人。 Through the wise reform of Zoroaster, the various gods of nature were subordinated to the supreme, omniscient spirit, Ormuzd, and were accorded an inferior worship as his creatures.通过明智的改革zoroaster ，各神的性质，服从最高法院，无所不知的精神， ormuzd ，并受到了劣势崇拜他的动物。 Ormuzd was honoured as the creator of all that is good, the revealer and guardian of the laws of religious and moral conduct, and the sanctifier of the faithful. ormuzd很荣幸作为创作者所有这一切都是好的， revealer和监护人的法律，宗教和道德的行为，和sanctifier的忠实。 The sense of sin was strongly developed, and a standard of morality was set forth that justly excites admiration.意识，单是强烈的发展，和一个标准的道德被提出，公正，兴奋钦佩。 Heaven and hell, the final renovation of the world, including the bodily resurrection, were elements in Zoroastrian eschatology.天堂与地狱，最后的改造世界各地，包括身体的复活，人的要素在索罗亚斯德教徒末世。 A nobler religion outside the sphere of revealed religion is not to be found.一崇高的宗教范围之外透露，宗教是不被发现。 Yet even this religion is rarely classed by scholars among monotheistic religions, owing to the polytheistic colouring of its worship of the subordinate nature-spirits, and also to its retention of the ancient Aryan rite of fire-worship, justified by Zoroastrians of modern times as a form of symbolic worship of Ormuzd.然而，即使这个宗教是很少归类学者之间的一神教，由于该polytheistic填色其崇拜下属的自然精神，也对其保留古代雅利安人成年礼的消防崇拜，合理的索罗亚斯德教徒现代倍一种形式的象征性崇拜ormuzd 。
The so-called survivals in higher religions, such as belief in food-eating ghosts, pain-causing spirits, witchcraft, the use of amulets and fetishes, are often cited as evidence that even such forms of Monotheism as Judaism and Christianity are but outgrowths of lower religions.那些所谓生存率较高的宗教，如信仰，食物吃鬼，疼痛，造成精神，巫术，使用护身符和fetishes ，也经常被引用作为证据，即使这种形式的一神教作为犹太教和基督教不过是outgrowths较低的宗教。 The presence of the greater part of these superstitious beliefs and customs in the more ignorant sections of Christian peoples is easily explained as the survival of tenacious customs that flourished among the ancestors of European peoples long before their conversion to Christianity.在场的大部份这些迷信的信仰和习俗，在更多的无知的部分基督教人民是很容易解释为生存的顽强海关蓬勃发展之间的祖先欧洲人民的长远之前，他们的皈依基督教。 Again, many of these beliefs and customs are such as might easily arise from faulty interpretations of nature, unavoidable in unscientific grades of culture, even where the monotheistic idea prevailed.再次，许多这些信仰和习俗是，如可能很容易出现错误的解释，性质，无可避免的，不科学的职系的文化，即使在一神教的想法占了上风。 Superstitions like these are but the rank weeds and vines growing around the tree of religion.迷信一样，这些都是，但职级的杂草和藤蔓越来越靠近树的宗教。
Publication information Written by Charles F. Aiken.出版信息的书面查尔斯楼艾肯。 Transcribed by Gerald Rossi.转录由杰拉尔德罗西。 The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume X. Published 1911.天主教百科全书，体积十， 1911年出版。 New York: Robert Appleton Company.纽约：罗伯特阿普尔顿公司。 Nihil Obstat, October 1, 1911. nihil obstat ， 1911年10月1日。 Remy Lafort, STD, Censor.的Remy lafort ，性病，检查员。 Imprimatur. imprimatur 。 +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York +约翰farley枢机主教，大主教，纽约
Bibliography参考书目
KRIEG, Der Monotheismus d. krieg ，明镜monotheismus四 Offenbarung u. offenbarung美国 das Heidentum (Mainz, 1880); BOEDDER, Natural Theology (New York, 1891); DRISCOLL, Christian Philosophy.之heidentum （美茵茨， 1880 ） ; boedder ，自然神学（纽约， 1891 ） ; driscoll ，基督教哲学。 God (New York, 1900); HONTHEIM, Institutiones Theodicæ (Freiburg, 1893); LILLY,The Great Enigma (2nd ed., London, 1893); RICKABY, Of God and His Creatures (St. Louis, 1898); MICHELET, Dieu et l'agnosticisme contemporain (Paris, 1909); DE LA PAQUERIE, Eléments d'apologétique (Paris, 1898); GARRIGOU-LAGRANGE, in Dictionnaire apologétique de la foi catholique (Paris, 1910), sv Dieu; FISHER, The Grounds of Theistic and Christian Belief (New York, 1897); CAIRD, The Evolution of Religion (2 vols., Glasgow, 1899); GWATKIN, The Knowledge of God and its Historic Development (Edinburgh, 1906); FLINT, Theism (New York, 1896); IDEM, Anti-Theistic Theories (New York, 1894); IVERACH, Theism in the Light of Present Science and Philosophy (New York, 1899); ORR, The Christian View of God and the World (New York, 1907); RASHDALL, Philosophy and Religion (New York, 1910); SCHURMANN, Belief in God, its Origin, Nature, and Basis (New York, 1890).上帝（纽约， 1900 ） ;洪特海姆， institutiones theodicæ （弗赖堡， 1893 ） ;莉莉，伟大之谜（第二版，伦敦， 1893 ） ; rickaby ，上帝和他的动物（圣路易斯， 1898 ） ;米什莱， dieu等l' agnosticisme contemporain （巴黎， 1909 ） ;德香格里拉paquerie ， eléments -a pologétique（巴黎， 1 898） ;贾瑞国-拉格朗日，在词典a pologétique德香格里拉公布于天主教（巴黎， 1 910） ， s vd ieu;费舍尔，理由对有神论和基督教信仰（纽约， 1897 ） ; caird ，宗教演变（ 2卷，格拉斯哥， 1899 ） ;格沃特金，上帝的知识及其历史发展（爱丁堡， 1906 ） ;弗林特，有神论（纽约， 1896 ） ;同上，反有神论理论（纽约， 1894 ） ;艾夫拉克，有神论在根据目前的科学和哲学（纽约， 1899 ） ;奥尔，基督教认为上帝和世界（纽约， 1907 ） ;拉斯达尔，哲学和宗教（纽约， 1910 ） ;斯楚尔曼，违背对真主信仰的，它的起源，性质，和基础（纽约， 1890 ） 。
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