Christian View of Philosophy基督教哲学观

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Certain Greek thinkers in the seventh and sixth centuries BC were the first to call themselves philosophers, literally "lovers of wisdom."某些希腊的思想家，在第七和第六公元前数百年的人是首先把自己称为哲学家，从字面上来看“爱好者的智慧” 。 Discounting the traditional myths, doctrines, and common sense of the priests and poets of classical Greece, the first philosophers held that the most important questions all human beings need to answer are those concerning social order and the origin, nature, and development of the material world.剔除传统神话，教条，和共同的使命感祭司和诗人的古典希腊，第一哲学家认为，最重要的问题，所有的人需要回答是那些关于社会秩序和起源，性质，和发展的物质世界。 Their method of approaching these questions included the critical scrutiny of confessedly human theories about the natural order.他们的方法处理这些问题包括关键的审议confessedly人权理论关于自然秩序。 Alleged revelation from the gods offered by the religious leaders was explicitly repudiated.据称启示神所提供的宗教领袖被明确否定。 Not all philosophers since the first ones in ancient Greece have been antisupernaturalists, but they have all been concerned primarily with the most basic questions common to every human being, and they have adopted a method which tries to be critical of every assertion and the assumptions behind it.并不是所有的哲学家以来，最先在古希腊已antisupernaturalists ，但他们都被关注，主要是与最基本的问题，共同每个人，而他们也通过了一项方法，尝试是至关重要的每一个断言和假设的背后它。

Focusing on the most fundamental and general issues facing mankind, philosophers traditionally have attempted to synthesize all knowledge into a coherent, consistent system.着眼于最根本，最一般的问题是人类面临的，哲学家传统上曾试图综合所有的知识转化为一个连贯，一致的系统。 No scientist or group of scientists can accomplish this task, for they are all limited in the scope of their investigations to just parts or certain aspects of the experienced world.没有科学家或一组科学家可以完成这项任务，因为他们都是在有限的范围，他们的调查只是部分或某些方面的经验丰富的世界。 The dominance of the scientific method in the modern era has brought with it a skepticism by many, including some scholars in philosophy, about going beyond the methods of science in describing reality.主导权的科学方法，在现代社会的时代已带来了一个怀疑是由很多人，包括一些学者在哲学，关于走出去的方法，科学地描述现实。 Consequently the synthetic and synoptic function of philosophy is considered less than attainable by some philosophers today.因此，合成和天气功能的哲学被认为是少于达到的一些哲学家的今天。

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More in vogue presently is the other characteristic associated with the philosophers from the time of the ancient Greeks onward, namely, their attempt to be analytical.更在时尚，目前是其他相关的特征与从哲学家的时候，古希腊人起，即他们的企图被分析。 In this role the philosopher gives leadership in the careful evaluation of the assertions, concepts, assumptions, methods, and conclusions of anyone who claims to be describing reality or prescribing for human behavior.在这方面的作用，哲学家，让领导在仔细评估断言，概念，假设，方法和结论，任何人谁声称自己是描述现实或处方为人类行为。

The Four Types of Philosophical Problems四种类型的哲学问题

Logic逻辑

Distinguishing good reasoning from bad cannot be done scientifically, for the ability to make this distinction is presupposed by all thinkers, scientific or otherwise.区分良好的推理，从坏的不能这样做，科学，为有能力作出这种区分是假定所有的思想家，科学或其他。 The philosophical field of logic seeks to ascertain the principles of the thought patterns one ought to follow if reality is to be reflected adequately or if reality is intentionally not being reflected in one's thought or utterances.哲学领域的逻辑，旨在确定的原则的思维模式之一，应该按照现实情况是，如果要反映充分，或如果现实是故意不反映在一个人的思想或言论。 Thus logic is the normative discipline of correct reasoning as such.因此，逻辑是规范性的纪律，正确的推理等。

Theory of Knowledge理论知识

Although as important as any area in philosophy, the theory of knowledge, also designated epistemology, has seen surprisingly little progress in moving past the issues raised by the first philosophers over two and a half millennia ago.虽然同样重要，任何地区，在哲学，理论知识，还指定的认识论，看到了令人惊讶的进展甚微，在移动过去所提出的问题，第一哲学家两年半的几千年前。 These issues include the definition, criteria, and sources of knowledge.这些问题包括定义，标准和知识来源。 Equally significant is the question of whether there is a foundational structure of directly known principles of evidence upon which reasoning can be built.同样重要的是问题，是否有基础结构的直接已知的证据原则，其中的道理后，可以兴建。 Also, there is the problem of deciding on the conditions that must exist for a statement to be true.此外，有问题，决定对条件必须存在的一个声明是真实的。

Metaphysics and Ontology形而上学和本体论

The term "metaphysics" was first used to refer to what Aristotle claimed to be "a science which investigates being as being and the attributes which belong to this in virtue of its own nature."任期“形而上学”最初是用来指什么亚里士多德自称为“科学调查，被作为和属性都属于这个在凭借其自身的性质” 。 He distinguished this "science" from all the "so-called special sciences," for none of them dealt "generally with being as being."他尊敬的，这“科学”从所有“所谓特殊的科学， ”他们中没有处理“一般被作为” 。 Although the etymology and traditional use of the term "ontology" makes it a synonym of "metaphysics," its meaning has become narrowed in contemporary philosophy.虽然语言和传统一词的使用， “本体论” ，使得它的代名词“形而上学” ，其含义已成为缩小了在当代哲学。 This constriction began with Immanuel Kant's theoretical separation of reality from the appearance of reality and the limitation of human knowledge to the latter.这收缩开始与康德的理论分离的现实，但从外表看现实和限制人类的知识，后者。

Prior to Kant metaphysics was commonly understood as the theoretical grasp of the overall structure of reality.前康德形而上学的普遍理解为理论，掌握整体结构的现实。 Following Kant's distinction between reality and appearance metaphysics has been seen by many as the dispelling of illusion about what can be known of reality, assuming the human inability to transcend the realm of appearance.以下康德的区分现实和外观形而上学已被许多人作为消解的幻想，什么可以被称为现实的，假设人类无法超越的境界的外观。

In the analytically oriented philosophy of today's English-speaking world metaphysics amounts to a rigorous examination of the concepts used when referring to the basic categories of being.在分析面向哲学今天的以英语为母语的世界形而上学的数额，必须通过严格的考试的概念时所用的是指基本的类别。 The term "ontology" is usually preferred, leaving "metaphysics" for the largely discredited speculative account of reality as a whole.而言， “本体论”通常是首选，离开“形而上学”为主要是抹黑投机帐户的现实，作为一个整体。 By way of contrast, continental European philosophy considers ontology to be the disclosure of the world of appearance which is reality.的方式，相反，欧洲大陆哲学认为，本体必须披露的世界的外观，这是现实。 Many philosophers, however, reject the kantian distinction between appearance and reality by striving to grasp reality as a coherent system toward which human thought is advancing.许多哲学家，不过，拒绝康德区分的外观和现实，努力把握现实，作为一个连贯的系统，对人类思想是与时俱进的。 For them metaphysics is understood in its traditional sense.为他们的形而上学的理解是其传统意义。

Value Theory价值理论

The fourth major department of philosophy includes ethics and aesthetics.第四大哲学系，包括道德和美学。 The primary focus of the study of aesthetics is upon the question of whether beauty is relative to the observer.主要重点研究美学是后的问题是否美丽是相对的，以观察员。 The answer has a direct bearing on the practical problem of whether standards should be imposed upon the creation, appreciation, and criticism of art works.答案有直接关系的实际问题的标准是否应该强加的创作，欣赏和批评的艺术作品。

Ethics is mainly concerned with the grounds warranting human actions to be judged right or wrong, and persons and events good or evil.道德是主要关注的理由，值得人类应采取的行动来判断对或错，和人与事件的好或邪恶。 Ethicists who take moral statements to be cognitively meaningful and who find an objective basis for ethical values are divided into two standpoints in their theory as to what makes human behavior morally right or wrong.伦理学家谁采取的道德报表必须认知有意义的，谁找到一个客观的基础道德价值观分为两个立场，在他们的理论，以什么使人类行为在道义上对或错。 The teleological approach looks for the moral quality of an action in its tendency to bring about an intrinsically good state of affairs.该teleological的做法，期待为道德素质的一项行动在其倾向带来一个内在的良好状态的事务。 Instances of such states that have been proposed include the greatest pleasure for the largest number of people, the full development of one's potential as a rational being, and the attainment of eternal peace.实例等国已提出，包括最大的乐趣，为人数最多的人，人的全面发展一的潜力，作为一个理性的，和实现永久和平。 The competing standpoint is that of deontological ethics, which maintains that the rightness or wrongness of some human actions is not based on the results of those actions.竞争的立场是认为deontological伦理，主张正义或错一些人的行动是没有结果的基础上，这些动作。 Keeping a promise, for example, is thought right in any situation, because it is one's duty or is commanded by God.保持一个承诺，举例来说，是思想的权利，在任何情况下，因为它是一个人的责任，抑或是指挥的上帝。 Traditionally Christian ethics has had both teleological and deontological elements.传统的基督教伦理已经都teleological和deontological元素。

The Christian Attitude Toward Philosophy基督教的态度，哲学

The apostle Paul's warning to the Colossian believers is clear: "See to it that no one makes a prey of you by philosophy and empty deceit, according to human tradition, according to the elemental spirits of the universe, and not according to Christ" (Col. 2:8).使徒保罗的警告传达给colossian信徒是明确的： “看到它，没有人作出了猎物的你的哲学和空洞的欺骗，根据人类的传统，根据该元素的精神宇宙，而不是根据基督” （上校2时08分） 。 Such a warning was to be expected in light of what passed for philosophy in Paul's time.这种警告是可以预期在轻通过什么样的哲学，在保罗的时间。 But he makes a philosophical assertion himself by continuing in the same passage to point out that in Christ "the whole fulness of deity dwells bodily" and that Christ is "the head of all rule and authority" (Col. 8:9-10).但他作出的哲学断言，自己继续在同一段指出，在基督里“整个fulness的神驻留身体” ，并说基督是“元首的所有规则和权威” （上校8:9-10 ） 。 Apparently Paul regarded at least some problems of interest to the philosophers of his day worth addressing.显然保罗认为，至少有一些问题感兴趣的哲学家，他一天值得解决。 For instance, "Christ" and "the elemental spirits of the universe" are taken by Paul to be alternative answers to a philosophical question he considers important.举例来说， “基督”和“元素的精神宇宙”是由保罗被替代的答案是一种哲学的问题，他认为重要的。

Secular philosophers began losing the initiative to Christian thinkers within a few centuries after Paul's death.世俗哲学家开始失去主动向基督教的思想家，一个几百年后，保罗的死因。 Indeed, during the thousand years prior to the modern era virtually all European philosophers were Christians.事实上，在1000年之前，现代的时代，几乎所有的欧洲哲学家被基督徒。 They took seriously the need of providing an interpretation of divine revelation in nature, Christ, and Scripture for a culture built on the framework of the ancient Greek philosophers.他们采取了认真的需要，提供了一个解释神的启示在性质上，基督，和经文，为文化的基础上的框架内，古希腊哲学家。 The basic questions every human must ask had been so clearly articulated by the Greeks that the Christian philosophers sought to formulate equally cogent answers from the standpoint of God's general and special revelation.基本问题，每个人要问，已清楚地阐明了希腊人认为，基督教哲学家的要求，制定有说服力的答案，同样的立场，从上帝的一般和特殊的启示。

Secular philosophy, often anti-Christian, has regained the leadership in the modern period.世俗哲学，往往是反基督教，已经恢复了领导，在现代时期。 The foundational issues with which philosophy deals have not changed, but their specific formulations and proposed solutions in the last few centuries have not always been compatible with Christianity.基础性问题与哲学的交易并没有改变，但其具体的提法，并提出解决方案，在过去数百年来并没有一直兼容与基督教。 Hence, there is a great need for the insights and truths of divine revelation to be reestablished as being worthy of philosophical consideration.因此，是一个伟大的需要的见解和真理的神圣启示，以重新确立作为值得的哲学思考。

This goal of contemporary Christian philosophy cannot be attained apart from the assistance of biblical scholarship and theology, however.这一目标的当代基督教哲学不能达到，除了协助圣经奖学金和神学，但是。 Since orthodox Christianity is grounded upon, and intended to be consistent with, the events recorded and interpreted in Scripture, the Christian philosopher must come to understand Scripture as it understands itself.由于东正教是接地后，并打算一致，记录事件和解释在圣经，基督教哲学家必须来了解圣经，因为它本身的理解。 Of particular assistance will be theological interpretations of Scripture limited to the problems dealt with by God's inspired prophets and apostles.特别援助将神学的解释经文，以有限的问题，处理由上帝的启发，先知和使徒。 The Christian in philosophy will build upon this theological framework but will never supplant it.基督教在哲学，将建成后，这个神学框架，但绝不会取代它。

Since much has been learned from and about both God's and mankind's creative work since the origin of the human race, the Christian thinker must contemplate more than the problems of concern to the biblical writers.由于已学到很多东西，从约两个上帝的和人类的创造性工作以来的起源，人类，基督教思想家必须争议多的问题，关注的圣经作家。 Moreover, in order to encompass as much of God's truth as possible from natural revelation within a comprehensive view of the universe created and sustained by the merciful, loving God of Scripture, the Christian must engage in philosophical speculation.此外，为了涵盖多达上帝的真理，尽可能从自然的启示一个全面的看法，宇宙的创造和持续的，由慈悲，爱上帝的圣经，基督教，必须在从事哲学的投机活动。 This does not entail an outlook inconsistent with Scripture.这并不意味着一个前景不符合圣经。 Specifically, there is no need to repudiate the miraculous, historical events upon which the Christian faith rests.具体来说，有没有必要否定奇迹，历史事件后，其中基督教信仰的休息。

A philosopher's synthetic standpoint is not necessarily secular, much less anti-Christian, even though the first philosophy began this way and has largely reverted to this stance in the modern era.一位哲学家的合成的立场并不一定是世俗的，更遑论反基督教的，即使第一哲学开始这样做，并已基本上回复到这个立场，在现代社会的时代。 All that a Christian must do to pursue philosophy properly is critically to scrutinize the discoveries, insights, and theories that have increased our knowledge of God's universe, and coherently to weave this knowledge into an adequate whole consistent with Scripture.所有的基督教必须做的追求哲学，是批判性审议发现，见解，理论增加了我们的知识，上帝的宇宙和连贯编织这方面的知识成为一个足够的整体一致的经文。 This will involve a consideration, assessment, and evaluation from the scriptural viewpoint of every area of the human quest for knowledge, for control of the environment, for human governance, and for artistic expression.这将涉及1审议，评估和评价，从圣经的观点，每一个领域人类追求知识，为控制环境，为人类的管治，以及艺术表达。

The Christian philosopher's overriding purpose is to love God with one's entire being, including the mind.基督教哲学家的首要目的是为了上帝的爱与一的整个正，包括主意。 In addition, the Christian philosopher desires to assist the theologian in two important ways.此外，该基督教哲学家的欲望，以协助神学家在两个重要的途径。 One is to provide leadership in developing techniques of rigorous, critical analysis of both cultural and theological assumptions, concepts, and doctrines and their implications.一个是提供领导在发展技术，严格的，批判性分析双方的文化和神学假设，观念和学说及其影响。 The other line of assistance is in the formulation of a synthetic and synoptic scheme of thought in order that the systematic theologian, particularly, can show Scripture to be relevant to contemporary life and thought.其他路线的援助是在制定一个综合和天气计划的思路，以使该系统的神学家，特别是可以显示的经文，以有关当代生活和思想。 The simple fact that any systematic theologican must adopt a philosophical system makes it crucial that Christian philosophers make available guidance in the selection and use of one consistent with the teachings of Scripture.一个简单的事实，任何有系统的theologican必须采取一种哲学体系，使重要的是，基督教哲学家提供指导，在选拔和使用一个一致的教诲，经文。

SR Obitts简obitts
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary) （ elwell福音事工促进会，字典）

Bibliography 参考书目
RM Chisholm et al., Philosophy; MD Hunnex, Philosophies and Philosophers; HA Wolfson, The Philosophy of the Church Fathers; BL Hebblethwaite, The Problems of Theology; R. Nash, The Word of God and the Mind of Man; W. Corduan, Handmaid to Theology.室齐硕姆等人，哲学;海事处hunnex ，哲学和哲学家;公顷沃尔夫森，哲学，教会的父亲;基本法hebblethwaite ，问题的神学; r.纳什，上帝的话和心中的男子;瓦特科尔迪昂， handmaid ，以神学。

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