The Council of Trent, the 19th ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic church, was held at Trent in northern Italy between 1545 and 1563.安理会的遄达， 19合一会，罗马天主教教堂，举行了遄达在意大利北部15时45分至1563年。 It marked a major turning point in the efforts of the Catholic church to respond to the challenge of the Protestant Reformation and formed a key part of the Counter-Reformation.它标志着一个重要的转折点，在努力的天主教教会，以应对这一挑战的新教改革，并形成的一个关键部分是反改革。 The need for such a council had long been perceived by certain church leaders, but initial attempts to organize it were opposed by Francis I of France, who feared it would strengthen Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, and by the popes themselves, who feared a revival of Conciliarism.需要这样一个会，早就察觉到某些教会领袖，但初步尝试组织，它反对由弗朗西斯，我法国，他们担心这将加强神圣罗马帝国查尔斯五世，以及由教皇自己，他们担心死灰复燃对conciliarism 。 The council eventually met during three separate periods (1545-47, 1551-52, 1562-63) under the leadership of three different popes (Paul III, Julius III, Pius IV).安理会最终达到在三个不同时期（ 1545年至1547年， 1551年至1552年， 1562年至1563年）的领导下，三种不同教皇（保罗三，戏剧第三，比约四） 。 All of its decrees were formally confirmed by Pope Pius IV in 1564.它的所有法令，正式确认由教宗比约四， 1564年。
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At the same time, the council took steps to reform many of the major abuses within the church that had partly incited the Reformation: decrees were issued requiring episcopal residence and a limitation on the plurality of benefices, and movements were instigated to reform certain monastic orders and to provide for the education of the clergy through the creation of a seminary in every diocese.在同一时间内，安理会采取的步骤，改革的许多重大弊端与教会有部分鼓动改革：法令发出的，要求主教官邸，并限制对多元性benefices和运动的人的煽动下，以改革的某些寺院的订单并提供教育的神职人员通过建立一个修道院，在每一个教区。
Attendance at the council was often relatively meager, and it was dominated by Italian and Spanish prelates.出席此次会议往往是相对薄弱，而且主要是意大利语和西班牙语主教。 Several European monarchs kept their distance from the council's decrees, only partially enforcing them or, in the case of the French kings, never officially accepting them at all.几个欧洲君主保持一定距离，从安理会的法令，只是部分地执行他们的，或在案件的法国国王，从未正式接受它们。 The Council of Trent helped, however, to catalyze a movement within the Catholic clergy and laity for widespread religious renewal and reform, a movement that yielded substantial results in the 17th century.安理会的遄帮助很大，不过，能够催化运动内部的天主教神职人员及平信徒，为大规模的宗教革新和改革，发起一场运动，取得了不少实质性成果，在17世纪。
T. Tackett汤匙tackett
Bibliography
参考书目
Jedin, Hubert, A
History of the Council of Trent, trans. jedin ，休伯特，安理会历史上的遄达，跨。
by Ernest Graf, 2 vols.由欧内斯特格拉夫，
2卷。 (1957-61);
McNally, Robert E., Council of Trent, The Spiritual Exercises and the Catholic
Reform (1970); O'Donohoe, JA, Tridentine Seminary Legislation (1957); Schroeder,
HJ, Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent (1950). （ 1957年至1961年）
;麦纳利，罗伯特体育理事会，遄达，神操和天主教改革（ 1970年） ; o'donohoe ，司法机构政务长，德律但丁修院立法（ 1957年） ;施罗德， hj
，大炮和法令的安理会的遄达（ 1950 ） 。
The canons and
decrees of the sacred该大炮和法令的神圣
and oecumenical Council of
Trent,和oecumenical会的遄达，
Ed.教育署。 and trans.和转运。 J. Waterworth (London: Dolman,
1848) j. waterworth （伦敦： dolman ， 1848年）
Notes and J. Waterworth's Preface债券及J waterworth奇摩前言
The Complete Text完整的文本
By Session由会议
Bull of Indiction牛市的indiction
The Council of Trent was the official Roman Catholic response to the Lutheran Reformation.安理会的遄达是正式的罗马天主教回应路德改革。 The Council of Trent did not begin until twentyfive years after Martin Luther's symbolic rejection of papal authority when he publicly burned Exsurge Domine (1520), the papal bull condemning his teachings.安理会的遄达并没有展开，直到twentyfive年后，马丁路德的象征性排斥反应的罗马教皇权威的时候，他公开烧毁exsurge主许（ 1520 ） ，教皇公牛谴责他的教诲。 This fateful delay in the history of Christianity permitted the consolidation of Protestantism and ensured that, when the council did eventually meet to define doctrines, it would do so in conscious reaction to Protestant doctrines.这决定命运的延误，在历史上的基督教不允许巩固基督教和保证，在安理会没有最终确定教条，它也能这样做，在有意识反应，以基督教的教义。 Though some Protestants attended the council, the majority of those attending were motivated by a desire to counter, rather than conciliate, the Protestants.虽然有一些新教徒出席立法会会议后，大部分参加者都是出于愿望柜台，而不是调解，新教徒。 Hence, even Catholic historians who emphasize the continuity of Trent's doctrinal definitions with traditional Catholic theology concede that Trent did not restore the medieval equilibrium so much as evolve a new system synthesizing Catholic tradition and the altered historical situation.因此，即使是天主教历史学家，他们强调延续性的遄达的理论定义与传统的天主教神学承认遄没有恢复中世纪平衡了这么多，作为形成一种新的合成系统天主教传统和变造的历史情况。 The new system was rigid and exclusive, but also rich and energetic, drawing on the spiritual and theological revival that characterized the Counter-Reformation.新的制度是刚性和排他性的，而且也丰富和充满活力，我们借鉴了精神文明和神学复兴说，其特点是反改革。
Reasons for the repeated delays in convening the council were chiefly, but not solely, political.理由一再拖延下去，在召开会议，主要是，但不完全是，政治上的。 Even Pope Paul III (1534-49), who was elected on the understanding that he would call a council and who acknowledge that it was desperately needed, was forced into repeated postponments by a growing appreciation of the complexity of the issues at stake.即使是教皇保罗第三期（ 1534年至1549年） ，他是当选的理解，他将拜会议会，并承认这是迫切需要的，是被迫一再postponments是愈来愈欣赏复杂的利害攸关的问题。 So complex and voluminous was its agenda that the council took eighteen years, spanning the reigns of five popes, to complete.如此复杂浩繁，是其议程，即安理会上台18年，跨越普遍存在的五个教皇，在今年内完成。 Its sittings alone took over four years, and it produced a greater volume of legislation than the combined output of all the previous eighteen general councils recognized by the Roman Catholic Church.其开庭，仅接手四年，并产生了较大数量的立法比合并输出以前所有的18个省议会的承认罗马天主教教堂。
The Council's history has three periods:安理会历史上有三个时期：
It was decided at the outset to deal with both disciplinary reforms (which Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, saw as the first priority) and the definition of dogma (the primary concern of Paul III).当时决定首先要对付这两个学科的改革（即神圣罗马帝国，查尔斯五世，看到列为第一顺位） ，并定义教条（首要关注的保罗三） 。 A repentant episcopate acknowledged that the Lutheran revolt was occasioned by the "ambition, avarice and cupidity" of bishops. 1忏悔的主教承认路德叛变是因"的野心，贪欲和cupidity "的主教。 The council accordingly condemned pluralism and absenteeism by bishops and priests.安理会据此谴责多元化和缺勤率，由主教和神父。 Clergy were to "avoid even the smallest faults, which in them would be considerable."神职人员，以"避免即使是最小的故障，而在他们会有相当大" 。 Bishops were to establish seminaries for the training of clergy in every diocese.主教们分别建立神学院，为培养神职人员，在每一个教区。 In nothing was the Roman Catholic Church more indelibly scarred by its fear of Protestantism than in the council's decision to make the curriclum in the new seminaries scholastic rather than biblical.在没有被罗马天主教会更留下不可磨灭的创伤，其恐惧的新教比在立法会的决定，使curriclum在新的神学院奖学金，而不是圣经。 On indulgences, the issue which ignited the Lutheran explosion, the council abolished indulgence sellers and decreed that the giving of alms was never to be the necessary condition for gaining an indulgence.对indulgences ，这个问题，烧路德会爆炸，安理会取消放纵卖方和命令给予施舍，是永远不会成为必要条件，要想放纵自己。
The article on justification was perceived as the most difficult of the doctrinal issues, partly because it had not been dealt with in previous councils.这篇文章的理由，就被视为是最艰难的理论问题，这部分是因为它没有得到处理，在以往的议会。 Thirty-three canons condemned Protestant errors concerning justification. 33门炮，谴责新教错误有关的理由。 Most were errors held by Protestant extremists, but the bishops certainly understood that they had condemned Luther's doctrine that Christ's righteousness is extrinsic to the justified person and only imputed to him.大多数人的错误举行，由新教极端分子，但主教们当然明白，他们谴责路德的学说认为，基督的公义是外在，以合理的人，只归罪于他。 The Tridentine doctrine on justification was expressed in sixteen chapters.本德律但丁学说的理由，有人表示，在16个章节。 Chapters 1-9 stress man's incapacity to save himself but confirm the necessity for the cooperation of his free will, including his resolve to receive baptism and begin a new life.章1-9强调人的能力来拯救自己，但证实有必要进行合作，他的自由意志，其中包括他决心接受洗礼，并开始新的生活。 Justification results not only in the remission of sin but also in "sanctification and renewal of the whole man."理由，结果不仅罪孽的赦免，而且在"成圣和更新的完整的人" 。 Chapters 10-13 affirm the increase of justifying grace through obedience to the commandments and deny that predestination to salvation can be known with certainty.章10-13申明增加的理由宽限期通过服从诫命，并否认宿命，以救赎，可以确切了解。 Chapters 14-16 declare that grace is forfeited by any grevious sin (not just faithlessness) and must be recovered through the sacrament of penance.章14-16宣布Grace是没收任何grevious单（不只是faithlessness ） ，并必须收回透过圣餐的忏悔。 Salvation is given to the justified as a reward as well as a gift, since, on the basis of his union with Christ, he has meritoriously fulfilled God's law by good works performed in a state of grace.救恩是考虑到合理的，作为奖励，以及作为礼物的，因为，根据他的联盟与基督里，他已meritoriously履行真主的法律所好的作品演出，在一国的恩典。
In the belief that Lutheran heresy was based on a misunderstanding of the sacraments, the council devoted more time to them than any other doctrinal issue.由于相信路德异端是基于一种误解圣礼，会花更多的时间向他们比其他任何学说上的问题。 The council confirmed that there are seven sacraments instituted by Christ (baptism, confirmation, communion, penance, unction, orders, marriage) and condemned those who said that sacraments are not necessary for salvation or that through faith alone, and without any sacrament, man can be justified.安理会确认，有7个圣礼由基督（洗礼，确认，共融，忏悔， unction ，命令，婚姻） ，并谴责那些说圣礼是没有必要救赎，或者通过信仰单，也没有任何圣餐，男子可以提出理由。 Sacraments contain the grace they signify and confer it ex opere operato, irrespective of the qualities or merits of the persons administering or receiving them.圣礼包含宽限期，他们标志，并赋予它当然opere operato ，无论其品质还是值得的人的管理或接收他们。 The council confirmed transubstantiation, that the substance of bread and wine is changed into the body and blood of Christ while the appearance of bread and wine remains.理事会确认陷于变体说，这种物质的面包和酒变成了身体和血液基督的，而外观的面包和酒依然存在。 Luther's real presence doctrine; the symbolist doctrine of Zwingli, Karlstardt, and Oecolampadius; and Calvin's medial position (presence is real but spiritual) were all condemned; as were those who denied that the whole of Christ is received when the bread alone is taken at communion.路德的真实存在的学说;象征主义zwingli ， karlstardt ，厄科兰帕迪乌斯;美女的内侧位置（存在是真实的，但精神的）均谴责;正如一些人否认说，整个基督教会在收到时，单靠面包是采取共融。 The council also affirmed that in the Mass, which must be said in Latin, the Son is offered anew to the Father, a sacrifice by which God is appeased and which is efficacious for the living and the dead.安理会还申明，在大众，这应该说，在拉丁美洲，儿子是提供重新给父亲，一个牺牲，其中，神是姑息，这是有效的，为活人与死人。
In its article on Scripture the council again rejected Lutheran teaching.在其一篇经文部长理事会再次拒绝路德教学。 Tradition was said to be equally authoritative with Scripture; the correct interpretation of the Bible was the preserve of the Catholic Church; the Vulgate was to be used exclusively in public readings and doctrinal commentaries.传统，据说是具有同等效力，与经文;正确解释圣经，是保存的天主教教会; vulgate是专门用于公共读物和理论评论文章。
The Tridentine decrees enjoyed great prestige and determined Catholic belief and practice for four centuries.本德律但丁法令享有巨大威望和坚定的天主教信仰与实践四个世纪。
FS
Piggin财政司司长皮格金博士
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary)
（ Elwell宣布了福音字典）
Bibliography
参考书目
G. Alberigo, "The
Council of Trent: New Views on the Ocassion of Its Fourth Centenary," Con
7.1:28-48; J. Delumeau, Catholicism between Luther and Voltaire: A New View of
the Counter Reformation; P. Hughes, The Church in Crisis: A History of the
General Councils; H. Jedin, A History of the Council of Trent; HJ Schroeder,
Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent. g. alberigo ，
"安理会的遄达：一些新的看法，在纪念第四次百年" ，结论7.1:28-48的J. delumeau
，天主教与路德和伏尔泰：一种新的看法柜改造;页休斯教会在危机：历史总理事会;每小时jedin ，安理会历史上的遄达;
hj施罗德，大炮和法令，安理会的遄达。
Martin Luther's revolt was, almost from the beginning, an essential matter, ie, it was explicitly directed against the pope's essential claim that he is the ruler of the whole Church of Christ.马丁路德的叛变是，几乎从一开始，是一个至关重要的问题，即，它是明确针对教宗的必不可少的声称他是统治者，整个教会的基督。 He had already moved away from the Catholic belief, in certain matters regarding the divine forgiveness of sins, by the time he made the famous attack on Indulgences with which Protestantism began (1517).他已远离了天主教信仰，在某些事情对于神的宽恕罪孽，由一次，他著名的攻击indulgences与新教开始（ 1517 ） 。 Within a further six months he was writing that the first thing needed in order to cure the manifold ills that afflicted religion was to overthrow the whole accepted system of theological teaching (1518).内部再延长6个月，他正在撰写这首先需要的，以治愈多种疾病折磨的宗教是要推翻整个接受系统的神学教学（ 1518 ） 。 To the papal legate who now called on him, in the name of a fundamental papal law, to withdraw his teaching about Indulgences Luther replied by denying the validity of that law; and, within a few weeks, by appealing from the pope who had commissioned the legate, to the judgment of the next General Council whenever it should meet--an appeal made in due legal form, and in defiance of the papal law that forbade such appeals.以教皇legate人，现在他呼吁，在名称的一个根本教皇法，以收回他的教学indulgences路德回答否定的有效性，法律，以及内部的几个星期中，有吸引力，教宗曾委托该legate ，以判断未来总理事会时，它应满足-提出的上诉，在适当的法律形式，并在藐视教皇法律禁止这类上诉。 The controversies continued without intermission, and a year later than the appeal (ie, in 1519) Luther's mind had moved so far that he now denied that General Councils had any special divine protection that kept them from erroneous teaching when deciding questions about belief.争论的继续进行，没有间歇，并于一年后超过上诉（即1519 ）路德的心目中已搬迁至目前为止，他现在否认省议会有任何特殊的保护神说，他们保存这些错误的教学时，在决定问题的信念。
These rebellious principles were listed among the errors for which Luther was condemned by the papal bull Exsurge Domine (June 15, 1520).这些反叛的原则被列为误差为路德谴责教皇公牛exsurge主（ 1520年6月15日） 。 He was given sixty days to appear and publicly recant his sayings.他被给予60天内出现，并公开收回他的说法。 Instead, he wrote two most violent--and exceedingly popular--pamphlets, the one to show how the popes had systematically corrupted the whole teaching of Christ for a thousand years and so led all the world astray, the other denouncing the papal institution as a vast financial racket which, for centuries, had been draining the life out of Germany.相反，他写了两个最暴力-通天受欢迎-小册子，其中，显示如何教皇曾系统地败坏了整个教学的基督为1 0 00年，所以带领大家将世界引入歧途，其他痛斥教皇机构一个庞大的金融球拍，其中，数百年来，已掏空了生活的德国。 In impassioned phrases he called on the princes of Germany to destroy the papacy, and to wash their hands in the blood of the sacrilegious impostors at Rome.在慷慨激昂的词句，他呼吁王公的德国摧毁教宗，并勤洗手，在血的亵渎impostors在罗马。 As to the bull Exsurge, Luther waited until the fatal sixtieth day, and then with a vast amount of public mockery, he threw it into the bonfire kindled on the town dunghill--and into the flames he threw, after the bull, the whole collection of the popes' laws binding the whole Church of Christ.至于牛市exsurge ，路德等待，直到致命的第六十天，然后与大量公众的嘲弄，他把它变成了篝火点燃了对城市dunghill -进入火苗，他义无返顾地后，牛气冲天，整个收集的教皇'法律约束力整个教会的基督。
This was spectacular, and symbolical.这是壮观，意义和象征意义。 Not for centuries had there been any defiance so far-reaching--and with the encouragement and protection of the state.不是几个世纪以来一直有任何违抗如此深远-与鼓励，并受国家保护。 To what means were the popes, drawing on a vast experience of crisis, now to turn and so avert the general destruction that threatened German Catholicism?以何种手段获得教宗，借鉴相当丰富的经验的危机，现在把等，避免一般的破坏威胁德国天主教？ There could only be one answer, since this was the opening of the sixteenth century.有可能答案只有一个，因为这是开放的16世纪。 From all quarters came a demand for the classic panacea.来自方方面面来的需求经典灵丹妙药。 The pope must call a General Council.教宗也应召集总理事会。 And finally the General Council met, the Council of Trent--but not until twenty-five years after the great defiance of the appeal to the princes and the Wittenberg bonfire.最后，总理事会开会，安理会的遄达-但不是到二十五年后的大蔑视，向终审王子和维滕贝格篝火。
Since in all that long time the needed council never ceased to be talked of by Catholics and by rebels, by princes and by popes, and since it was amid the angry dissensions on the subject between Catholic princes and the popes that the men were largely formed who actually were the Council of Trent, to recall something of those twenty-five unhappy years is a first condition of understanding the history of the council, of its failures as of its splendid successes.因为在所有的时间，只要有需要会从来都没有停止过谈的，由天主教会和叛军中，王子和由教皇，因为它是在愤怒的纠纷就此事与天主教王子和教宗说，男人大多形成究竟是谁被安理会的遄达，以回收的东西，这些25不高兴年，是第一个条件的理解，安理会历史，它的失败，因为它的辉煌成就。
The sentences of bishops, and popes also, against heretics were mere noise until they were taken up by the State and put into execution.句子的主教，教宗同时，对异端人仅仅是噪音，直到他们被带到了由国家和付诸执行。 Luther was assured that his own sovereign, the elector Frederick the Wise, would not execute the bull Exsurge.路德得到保证说，他自己的主权，冯选民明智的，将不会执行牛市exsurge 。 It was however quite another thing to be assured that the sentence would remain a dead letter once the pope had appealed to the emperor and the princes of Germany, assembled at the first diet of the new emperor's reign.然而，它相当另一件事得到保证，这句话将成为一纸空文，一旦教宗呼吁国王与王子的德国，组装在第一次国会的新皇帝的统治。 It met at Worms in January 1521, and in the way it both thwarted and supported the pope it was curiously prophetic of the history of the coming years.它受到了蠕虫，在1521年1月，而在这样既挫败，并支持教宗这是很奇怪的先知的历史，以及未来数年。 The princes accepted the papal sentence, and they made it their own by outlawing Luther.王公接受教皇一句话，他们取得了它自己所取缔路德。 Whoever could, might kill him without fear of punishment, as though he were a dangerous bandit.周坤说，有可能将他杀死，而不必害怕遭到惩罚，因为他虽然是一个危险的强盗。 But they ignored the papal sentence to this extent that they re-tried Luther; that is to say, they gave him a hearing, under a safe conduct, refusing to listen to the protestations of the ambassador whom the pope had sent to direct the action of the diet.但他们忽略了教皇句，以这个程度上说，他们再度尝试路德;这就是说，他们给他的听证会，下一个安全的行为，拒绝听取抗议大使，其中，教皇曾发出指示行动的饮食习惯。 The action of this solemn assembly was thus a great public flouting of the papal law, a serious repudiation, in a most serious matter, of the will of the man whom all these princes acknowledged to be the head of their church.该行动的这个庄严的大会，因此备受市民藐视教皇的法律规定，严重休妻，在一个最严重的问题，该会的人，所有这些王子被公认为头部他们的教会。
This is not the place in which to tell again the familiar story of the events of the next ten years.这不是发生在告诉再熟悉的故事，事件的下一个十年。 But something must be said, however briefly, about the papal delay in applying the only remedy that could meet the German situation--the General Council.但我们必须说，但简单地说，关于教皇延误申请唯一的补救办法可以应付德语的情况-总理事会。
The general attitude towards the plan of a General Council may thus be summed up: the man who was pope through the greater part of the period, Clement VII (1523-34), was at heart consistently hostile; the cardinals and other officers of his Curia were, for quite other reasons, still more hostile; the German Catholics were eager for a council, but a council in which they would really matter, a council fashioned rather after the pattern of a parliament than General Councils have usually been; the Catholic kings who enter the story are Charles I of Spain (just lately become the emperor Charles V), the life-long champion of the council idea, and Francis I of France, its bitterest opponent.一般的态度，该计划的一般性会议，因而可能概括起来就是：该名男子是教宗透过大部份的时期，克莱门特七（ 1523年至1534年） ，是在心上，始终敌对;枢机主教们和其他官员，他教廷人，为不少其他原因，仍然是更具敌意;德国的天主教徒们踊跃为一个议会，但议会中，他们真的会事项时，会过时，而之后的格局国会比一般的议会往往;天主教国王队的人进入这个故事是查尔斯本人西班牙（只是近来成为皇帝查尔斯五世） ，生命之久的冠军，安理会的想法，弗朗西斯本人法国，其痛苦的对手。 And the history of Europe during the crucial twenty-five years, 1520-45, is little more than the history of the duel between these two princes.和欧洲历史上，在关键的二十五年， 1520年至1545年，是多一点，比历史上的决斗，在这两者之间的王子。 In their wars Clement VII, as often as he dared, sided with the King of France, for purely political reasons--it was, invariably, the side that lost.在其战争克莱门特七，常常因为他不敢，片面与法国国王，为纯粹的政治原因-它是永远不会，一方丢失。
The council problem comes to this, that a General Council was absolutely necessary, and that, for political reasons, it was just not possible to summon one.安理会的问题，说到这，一个总理事会，是完全必要的，而且，对于政治上的原因，这只是我们不可能传召之一。 Whence, inevitably, on the part of Charles V, and of the German princes, a succession of schemes to bring back the Lutherans (for this, in the early years, is what it was hoped the council would achieve) by negotiations, conferences, local councils, informal councils, and the like.何时，无可避免的，对部分查尔斯五世和德国的王子，继承计划，以带回lutherans （为此，在最初几年，这正是他希望安理会将实现）的谈判，会议，地方议会，非正规议会等。 All of these failed and, in the long run, these ventures complicated the problem of reconciliation or submission; while the refusal of the Holy See really to take action gradually destroyed all confidence in its integrity among the Catholic princes of Germany.所有这些失败和，从长远来看，这些企业复杂的问题，和解或意见书，而拒绝教廷真的要采取行动，逐步销毁了所有的信心，其完整性之间天主教王子的德国。 To such a depth, indeed, had the prestige of Rome sunk that when the successor of this timorous, vacillating, and all too worldly-wise pope announced, in the first hours of his reign, that he proposed to summon a General Council, the news stirred not a ripple among the Catholic reformers of Germany.这样一个深度，实际上，有威望的罗马沉没时，继任人的本timorous ，跑来跑去，又都太世俗化的角度来看，教宗宣布，在第一时间为他的统治，他建议召集总理事会，新闻炒作不是一个涟漪间天主教改革者的德国。
This second pope was Paul III (1534-49) and ultimately he lived to see the council he had dreamed of meet at Trent, but after bitter vicissitudes--for some of which history must hold his own personal failings responsible.这第二个教皇保罗第三期（ 1534年至1549年） ，并最终他活到看到安理会他曾梦见满足于遄不足，但经过痛苦的沧桑-其中有些历史的，必须持其个人的失败负责。 The catalogue of these events needs to be set down.中央定价目录的，这些事件的需要来订定。
By the time of the election of Paul III (October 13, 1534) the situation in Germany had radically altered since Leo X had first faced the problem in the Diet of Worms (1521).经过一段时期的选举保罗三（ 1534年10月13日） ，德国的情况已经从根本上改变了自利奥x首先面临的问题，在国会的蠕虫（ 1521 ） 。 The Lutheran movement had long since passed from the stage where it was a matter of preachers and writers and the masses they influenced.路德运动早已通过从地步，它的一个问题是传教士，作家和群众，他们的影响。 The state was now in control of it, half a dozen princes in central Germany and a number of leading cities north and south.国家现在控制着它，有一半十几王子在德国中部和一些主要城市的北部和南部地区。 In all these places the adherents of the new religion and the preachers were organised into churches, installed in the buildings that had once been Catholic; monasticism had been abolished and the monks' properties taken over by the state; the clergy who wished had married, with the state's approval; the mass was everywhere forbidden and the new rites made obligatory; and these Lutheran states were banded together in a formidable military alliance, so powerful that it had been able (at a moment when a Turkish invasion threatened) to ignore the diet's summons to disband and submit, and furthermore it had won for their sect's new status in these regions a provisional acquiescence from the emperor.在所有这些地方的遗民新的宗教和传教者，举办了到教堂，安装在建筑物曾是天主教;修道已被取消和僧侣财产接管，由国家;神职人员，他们希望结婚，要结合国家的批准;肿块到处禁止和新的仪轨强制规定;路德这些国家联结起来，在一个强大的军事同盟，如此强大，它已经能够（在一个时刻，当一个土耳其入侵威胁） ，以忽视国会的传票解散，并提交，而且它已赢得了他们的教派的新地位，在这些地区的一个临时的默许下，从皇帝。
One root of Clement VII's troubles had been his ambition to strengthen the hold of his family--the Medici--as rulers in what had been the republic of Florence.其中的根源克莱门特七世的麻烦，一直是他的野心，以加强掌握他的家人-梅迪奇-作为统治者的是什么一直是共和国的佛罗伦萨。 With Paul III there was the like family concern, to see his son, Pierluigi, established among the reigning families of Europe.保罗三，有类似家庭的关注，为了见到自己的儿子，科里纳，建立了执政的家属欧洲。 In the end the pope succeeded, giving him in fief the duchies of Parma and Piacenza, carved out of the States of the Church, and marrying Pierluigi's son-- Ottavio--to a natural daughter of Charles V. The intricate business of forcing his offspring into the charmed circle of royalty-by-birth, the negotiations with Charles for example over recognition of the new duchies, runs like a subtle poison through what was, despite the very evident Renaissance worldliness of this great pope, the leading policy of his reign, the calling of this council that would reform the life of the Church and heal the divisions in Germany.在年底前，教宗成功，让他在采邑的duchies的帕尔马和皮亚琴察，瓜分了该国的教会，以及结科里纳的儿子-奥塔维奥-一个亲生女儿的查尔斯诉错综复杂的业务，迫使其到后代的排他性小圈子版税，由出生，谈判与查尔斯例如超过认同新duchies ，每年举办像一个微妙的毒药，通过什么，虽然很明显，文艺复兴时期的世俗这个伟大的教宗，领导的政策，他的统治，要求本局将改革教会生活及治愈师在德国。
Paul III's first obstacle was his cardinals, who voted unanimously against the plan to call a council, when he proposed it.保罗三的第一个障碍就是他的枢机主教，谁赞成，一致反对该计划呼吁安理会时，他提议。 After an exhaustive study of the situation in Germany--a matter where he had everything to learn--he despatched nuncios to all the courts of Europe, to the Lutherans as well, with invitations to attend.在详尽研究的情况，在德国-一个无论身在何处，他的一切学习-他寄发nu ncios所有法院的欧洲，向l u therans作为很好，有获邀出席。 The French king was unfavourable, the German Protestants refused with insults.法国国王是不利，不过德国新教徒拒绝与侮辱。 In these negotiations a whole year went by, and then, on June 2, 1536, the official announcement was made: the council would meet at Mantua, May 23, 1537.在这些谈判中整整一年过去了，然后， 1536年6月2日，官方发布了：安理会将举行会议，在曼图亚， 1537年5月23日。 What followed next, however, was a whole series of postponements that finally brought the Catholics of Germany to feel that the new pope was as shifty as the old; postponements first to November 1537, then to May 1538, then to April 1539, and then a postponement indefinitely.随之而来的未来，但是，是一个全系列的延期终于使天主教徒的德国感受到新教宗被视为缩骨由于旧;推迟首次以1537年11月，然后到1538年5月，然后到1539年4月，然后推迟下去。
The reasons given were real enough, the steady refusal of the French king to co-operate (ie, in practice, the impossibility of any French bishop or cardinal taking part in the council), the renewal of the war between France and the emperor, and so forth.理由是真实不够的，稳步拒绝了法国国王，以合作经营（即，在实践中，不可能有任何法语主教或枢机主教参加安理会） ，延长战争结束后，法国和皇帝，等等。 But it came to be believed that the true cause was that the pope really preferred that the council should not ever take place.但后来被认为真正的原因是教宗真的倾向于认为，安理会应该不会发生。
Actually, as the years went by, Paul III came to understand that the task before the council was much more complex than he had conceived, or his official advisors.其实，随着岁月的流逝，保罗三来理解是非常艰巨的任务摆在安理会面前的是更为复杂的，比他原先的设想，或其官方顾问。 As was to be the case with the Vatican Council, three hundred years later, the official world began by oversimplifying the problem.由于是，如果情况属实，与梵蒂冈委员会，三百年后，正式开始了世界上由过分简化问题。 The heresies, it was thought, could be simply dealt with by re- enacting the various decrees in which, at their first appearance, centuries before, they had been condemned.该异端邪说的，它是思想，可以简单地处理，由他重新制定了各种法令，其中，在第一次亮相，几百年前，他们已被谴责。 There would, of course, be no need to discuss such burning topics as the reform of the Curia Romana--that was not the business of any council, but a matter for the pope's personal action.有，当然没有必要讨论这样的话题燃烧随着改革的罗马教廷-这不是我们的生意安理会任何问题，而是为教宗的个人行为。 The reform of Catholic life, again, called for no great research; the old laws were adequate, if only they were enforced.改革天主教生命，让我们再要求没有太大的研究;旧的法律已足够，如果由他们执行。 The council, once it met, would accomplish its task in a matter of weeks.安理会同意，一旦满足，将完成它的任务，在短短的几个星期。 Actually, the working time of the Council of Trent--to anticipate the story--was to amount to four and a half years; the constant hard work of the bishops and theologians who attended would produce a mass of decrees and canons exceeding in volume the whole of the legislation of all the previous eighteen General Councils.其实，工作的时候，安理会的遄达-预测未来的故事-是相当于4年半时间里;不断辛勤工作的主教和神学家参加，将产生大量的法令和大炮长于量整个立法以前所有的18个省议会。
What was also gradually borne in on Paul III was that the kind of council he had in mind--the traditional meeting of bishops--was not at all what Charles V was thinking of, nor the Catholics of Germany.什么也逐步承担对保罗第三的是什么样的会议，他已记-传统会议的主教们-是不是这回事什么查尔斯五世是思想者，也不是天主教徒的德国。 Was the coming council to begin with a new religious crisis, with all these champions of the council demanding a say in how it should conduct its business, in what should appear upon its agenda?是未来会一开始就有一个新的宗教危机，所有这些冠军安理会要求说，在它应如何开展业务，在哪些应该出现后，其议程？ The Catholic critics of the intolerable abuses--for which the Roman Curia was generally held responsible--now expected to be heard, at the council.天主教的批评者无法容忍的行为-因为罗马教廷普遍追究责任-现在预期可听到的，在安理会。 Luther's insistent cry, that there would never be any reform so long as Rome controlled the council, found echoes in the secret thoughts of many of Luther's Catholic adversaries.路德的坚持，哭的，有绝对不会有任何的改革，只要罗马控制了议会，发现回波在秘密思想的许多路德的天主教对手。
And the achievement of the councils of Constance and of Basel, in those sessions ever since officially disregarded, came into the mind of more than one Catholic reformer as the obvious instrument to bring off the desired improvement.并实现了两局的人Constance和巴塞尔，参加这些会议以来，无视正式生效，心中的一个以上的天主教改革者，因为明显的文书，以实现小康预期的改善。 The acts of these councils, the wholeheartedly Catholic bishop of Vienna (for example) wrote to Rome, were indispensable as a guide to the council now under consideration.该行为这些议会，全心全意为天主教会主教的维也纳（举例）写信给罗马，是不可或缺的精神为指导，以安理会目前正在审议之中。 German bishops, supporting the pope's desire for a council, were taking for granted that just as they desired it should meet in Germany, so it would follow the pattern of these two classic German councils.德国主教，支持教宗的意愿，安理会对遇难者理所当然地认为，只是因为他们想要的就是要符合在德国，所以将遵循规律，这两个典型的德国议会。 How was the pope to accept this position, and not risk at the outset a new damaging controversy about the nature of his own authority?如何教宗接受了这一立场，而不是风险，在开始一个新的损害争议的性质，他自己的权力？ a controversy that might send thousands of Catholics in Germany, not, indeed, into the Lutheran body but into schism no less disastrous.争议可能派遣数千名天主教徒在德国，而不是，而事实上，到路德机构，但到裂不低于灾难性的。 Then there were the Catholics who, for years, had been thinking that unless the power of the Curia to grant dispensations were checked, reform legislation would be a dead letter from the day it was enacted.那么，有天主教徒的人，多年来，我一直在思考，除非权力的教廷给予dispensations被有效遏制，改革立法，将成为一纸空文，从创建之日起，它被制定出来。
"The pope was not merely having bad dreams when he saw these dangers."[1] And so he hesitated, time and again, and even when he did not hesitate he failed to be insistent. "教皇不仅是有坏的梦想，当他看到这些危险" [ 1 ] ，所以他迟疑了一会，一次又一次地，甚至当他没有犹豫，他没有得到应有的坚持。 With all his gifts--and with the merit of the great reform he had achieved in his own personal life--Paul III was far from that perfect state where the supernatural controls every act and every thought.他的所有礼物-以及与优异的伟大改革，他取得了在他自己的个人生活-保三远非完美地所在国的超自然控制每一个行为和每一个思想。 He was not a saint.他不是圣人。 And as his great servant Cardinal Girolamo Morone once expressed it, "He who conducts God's business must not be exclusively actuated by human considerations."[2]和他的伟大公仆枢机girolamo morone曾表示， "他的人进行了上帝的生意绝不能只动人为因素" [ 2 ]
The emperor now won over the pope to try what another, much lauded method might do to bring peace to Germany, the method of peaceful negotiation between the theologians of both parties, with reunion (perhaps) as the fruit of "a better understanding of what it is that divides us."皇帝现在赢得了教皇尽一切可能，大大称许的方法，可能这样做，把和平带给德国相比，该方法的和平谈判之间的神学双方的，与留尼汪（也许）由于水果的"更好地了解哪些这就是我们的分歧" 。 For many years some leading Catholics had been urging that this way promised better results, some of them influenced in part--let it be bluntly stated--by the fatal delusion that the differences between the Church and the Lutheran bodies did not amount to a real separation.多年来，一些领导天主教徒已敦促这样许诺更好的结果，他们中的一些人的影响，在一部分-让它成为直言-由致命的妄想这之间的差异，教会和路德机构，也未达到一真正的分离。 This seemingly incredible blindness had one source in the dangerous superficialities of Erasmus, who, for example, saw no reason why any differences mattered provided men agreed in accepting Christ, and who could not understand why either party would not accept as a sufficient statement of the Eucharistic mystery the unexamined ambiguity that Christ is here present somehow.这个看似不可思议的盲目性，有一个消息来源在危险表面的伊拉斯谟，他举例说，看不出有什么理由任何分歧提供了重要的男性同意，在接受基督了，谁不明白为什么任何一方不接受，因为有足够的声明中的圣体圣事的奥秘了unexamined含糊表示，基督是在此间出席或多或少。 The "appalling" intellectual confusion of which Jedin[3] speaks is indeed, by this time, a leading characteristic of the age among the Catholics. "令人震惊的"智力混乱，其中jedin [ 3 ]说实在，这个时候，领导的特点，年龄之间的天主教徒。
Let it be remembered, also, that in the twenty years since the somewhat elementary directions of the bull Exsurge, Rome had not said a word about the divergencies.我们必须记住，同时，在21年以来有点初等方向牛市exsurge ，罗马还没有说过一句话约分歧。 Lutheranism had, since then, developed all its doctrines, and a varied host of Catholic writers, each according to his lights and temperament, had, in criticising the heresiarch, offered his own solution for the new theological problems he had posed.路德教了，从那时起，发达国家的一切教义和多样的东道主天主教作家，每次按照他的灯光和气质，曾在批评heresiarch ，提供自己的解决方案，为新的神学问题，他所构成的。 For the Catholic princes and their political advisors the "conference" method offered this advantage that an official business like the General Council must result in clear-cut definitions of doctrine; in sentences, that is to say, and a summons to accept these or take the appropriate punishment; in strong resistance, and- -who knows?--in civil war.为天主教王子和他们的政治顾问"会议"的方式，提供了这种优势的一种正式的商业一样，总理事会必须导致旗帜鲜明定义的学说;句，这就是说，并发出传票，接受这些或采取适当的处罚;在强大阻力，并- -谁知道吗-在内战。 And this with Francis I longing to renew the war against Charles; and the French ally, the Turk, already at the gates!与此同弗朗西斯i渴望延续战争对查尔斯和法国的盟友，土耳其人，已经在家门口！ Of the emperor's critical position, in the world of armies, of the grave risk of a Catholic defeat, the belligerents in the Sacred College and the Curia knew all too little.对皇帝的关键位置，在世界上的军队，该陵墓的风险天主教打败，交战各方在神圣的学院和教廷都知道得太少。 Paul III never lost sight of all this.保罗三，没有遗忘这一切。 His knowledge was one reason for his reluctance to act with decision.他的知识是一个原因，他不愿意采取行动的决定。
The high-water mark of the reunion-through-negotiation movement was the conference held at Ratisbon in the summer of 1541 about which historians are still arguing.高水标志的留尼汪经过谈判转移是举行的记者招待会上拉蒂斯邦在今年夏天的第1541左右，其中历史学家仍在争论。 This history is of interest because it does much to explain what, at first sight, is utterly incomprehensible, viz., that nearly thirty years went by before the vitally necessary council met, and also because it reveals the nature of one serious weakness that hampered the Catholic champions in these critical years.这是历史的兴趣，因为这很能说明什么，乍看起来，简直是不可理解，即，有近三十年了，由之前必不可少的会满足，还因为它揭示了大自然的一个严重缺陷，妨碍了天主教冠军，在这些关键年。
To Ratisbon, where most of the princes of Germany attended and the emperor himself, there came two of the principal reformers, Philip Melanchthon and Martin Bucer, the last-named bringing with him a reformer of the second generation who was soon to eclipse in influence all the rest, the young John Calvin.以拉蒂斯邦，那里的大多数王公的德国出席会议并皇帝本人，就出现了两个主要的改革者，菲利普梅兰希顿与马丁塞珥，最后命名带着改革者的第二代的人很快就被掩盖在影响所有其余的，这位年轻的约翰卡尔文。 The pope sent, as legate, the Venetian Gaspar Contarini, theologian and statesman, the greatest figure the Curia had known for generations, and a man of saintly life.教宗派遣，作为legate ，威尼斯人加斯帕尔contarini ，神学家和政治家，最伟大的人物，教廷已经知道，为几代人，是一位圣洁的生活。 If Contarini, a steady opponent of extreme solutions, went to Ratisbon still really believing that disagreement about the essentials was not so serious as many believed, he was soon enlightened.如果contarini ，稳步对手极端的解决办法，去拉蒂斯邦还是真的以为争论是关于必需品就没有那么严重，因为许多人认为，他很快就被开明的。 Though he contrived an apparent, momentary harmony on the question of Justification, there was no resolving the flat contradictions he encountered on the doctrines of the Eucharist and of the sacrament of Penance.虽然他contrived一个显着的，一时的和谐，关于这个问题的理由时，并没有解决矛盾的单位，他遇到了对教义的圣体和圣事的忏悔。 The conference failed utterly, and when Paul III announced that the preparation for the General Council would be resumed the emperor did not dissent.该会议未能完全，而当保罗三宣布说，为筹备总理事会将收回皇帝没有异议。 The conference had had this useful result: it demonstrated to the "practical" minds the truth which the controversial theology of twenty years had ever insisted on, that Catholicism and the new theologies were contradictory, and impossible to reconcile.会议进行了这项有益的结果是：它表明，以"实用"的头脑，实事求是，其中备受争议的神学二十年了以往任何时候都坚持认为，天主教和新的神学互相矛盾，无法调和。
The bull convoking the council is dated May 22, 1542.牛市convoking安理会的日期是1542年5月22日。 It was to meet on November 1 following, at the episcopal city of Trent, the first town outside Italy on the great road along which for a thousand years and more the traffic had travelled between Rome and Germany.它是为了满足11月1日之后，在主教城市的遄达，第一城以外意大利于伟大的路沿，这为1000年及更长远的交通曾去过罗马和德国。 Trent was a city of the empire, a German city where the bishop was also the reigning prince.遄达是一个城市的帝国，一个德国城市，主教，也是执政的王子。 Eighty miles to the north, along the same road, is Innsbruck, the capital of Charles V as Count of Tyrol. 80英里到北，沿同一条路，是因斯布鲁克，首府查尔斯五世作为计数的蒂罗尔州。
The three legates appointed to preside arrived at Trent on November 2.三个legates任命担任抵达遄11月2日。 They found scarcely a single bishop awaiting them.他们发现，几乎没有一个单一的主教，等待他们的。 In January 1543 the representatives of the emperor arrived, and very slowly bishops came in-- very slowly, for by May there were no more than a dozen.在1543年1月代表天皇抵达的，也是非常缓慢主教进来-非常缓慢的，由可有不超过一打。 The fact was that four months before the summons of Paul III's bull, the long-expected war had broken out between France and the empire.事实是， 4个月前发出传票保三的牛市，期待已久的战争已经爆发了法国与帝国。 Francis I had explicitly refused to countenance the council, and had forbidden the hundred bishops of France to leave the country.弗朗西斯我曾明确拒绝将国家进行了理事会，并已禁止百主教的法国离开该国。 The emperor, driven to fury by the pope's determined neutrality in the war, had taken a similar course, barring out thereby any participation of the bishops, not only from Spain, but from his kingdom of the Two Sicilies (110 bishops), from the Netherlands, from Austria and Hungary; and affording an excuse for all the bishops of the empire.皇帝，驱车前往暴跳如雷由教宗的决心中立，在战争中，已经采取了类似的过程，除非有出，从而任何参与的主教，不仅是从西班牙，但他从英国的两西西里王国（ 110位主教） ，从荷兰，奥地利和匈牙利，以及提供一个借口，为所有主教的帝国。 A General Council, at a time when three fourths of the bishops of the world were violently prevented from attending?一般会，在这个时候，四分之三的主教是世界上被粗暴地阻止不能参加？ By July 1543 there was only one thing to be done, suspend the council yet once again.由1543年7月，本港只有一件事要去做，暂停会议，但再次重演。
How, upon the peace between the rival sovereigns (September 1544), Francis I withdrew his prohibition, while Charles was reconciled to the pope, and how next there supervened the new trouble over the investment of the pope's son with the duchies of Parma and Piacenza--all these highly relevant matters must be studied elsewhere.[4] But in November 1544 Paul III revoked the suspension of the council, and on March 13, 1545, the legates once more made their entry into Trent.如何，一经和平与竞争对手的主权国（ 1544年9月） ，弗朗西斯i撤回了他的禁令，而查尔斯是调和向教宗，以及如何在未来有supervened了新的麻烦，在投资的教皇的儿子与duchies的帕尔马和皮亚琴察-所有这些高度相关的事项，一定要认真学习其他地方。 [ 4 ] ，但在1 544年1 1月保三，撤销暂停理事会，并于1 545年3月1 3日， l egates再一次取得了进入遄。
The council was solemnly opened there on December 13, with thirty-one bishops in attendance and forty-eight theologians and canonists, technical experts, summoned to assist them.安理会隆重开幕还有12月13日， 31主教出席和48神学家和canonists ，技术专家，召见，以协助他们。
It will perhaps help the reader if, before the attempt is made to convey what is contained in the legislation of Trent--itself equal in volume to this present work--it is stated, once and for all, that the various political difficulties that had delayed the council's meeting for so many years never ceased to harass it during its entire progress.它也许会帮助读者，如果之前尝试去传达什么是包含在立法的遄达-本身都是平等的数量，以目前的工作-它说明，一劳永逸，即各种政治困难延误了安理会的会议，这么多年，从来没有停止骚扰它，在它的整个进展。 Here, of course, lay the cause of the two long suspensions which the council suffered--one of four years and one of ten.在这里，当然，奠定了事业的两个长期停牌的，其中安理会蒙受之一-四年，其中一1 0。 The council's history has, in fact, three chapters: sessions 1-10, December 13, 1545, to June 2, 1547; sessions 11-16, May 1, 1551, to April 28, 1552; sessions 17-25, January 17, 1562, to December 4, 1563安理会的历史上，其实已经三章： 1-10届， 1545年12月13日， 1547年6月2日;届11-16 ， 1551年5月1日， 1552年4月28日;届17-25 1月17日， 1562 ，以1563年12月4日
What I now propose to do is to explain how the council organised itself, how the bishops and the technicians did their work, and then to show, by some examples, the tone of the council's treatment of the twofold task before it, viz., the restatement of belief in opposition to the new theologies, and the reformation of Catholic life.我现在提出来要做的是解释如何会主办的本身，如何主教和技术人员做他们的工作，然后显示，由一些例子，语气安理会的治疗双重任务面前，即，重述的信念，反对以新的神学，与改革天主教的生活。
The direction of the council was in the hands of the three cardinal- legates.方向安理会是在政府手中的三个红衣主教- legates 。 Of these the senior, Gian Maria del Monte, a man of fifty-eight, had been in the service of the papal curia for well over thirty years.这些高层，吉安玛丽亚Del Monte的，一男的58 ，已经在服务的教皇教廷可为超过三十年。 He was esteemed one of its leading canonists and had a vast experience of administration, civil and ecclesiastical.他是尊敬它的一个领导canonists了相当丰富的经验的政府，民间和教会。 He was the practical man of the trio, level-headed, firm, and a good manager of men.他是实用的男子三人，一级的头脑，坚定的，一个好的经理人的男子。 The second in rank, Marcello Cervini, was another type altogether, a theologian primarily and a man of rigidly austere life, dedicated passionately to the extirpation of the abuses that had almost become an ecclesiastical institution.第二级， 25日cervini ，是另一种类型而言，神学家，主要是和一名男子的硬性过紧日子，尽忠职守，慷慨激昂地向摘除被认为是几乎成为一个教会机构。 He was not really a curialist at all, and had come to the notice of Paul III as a tutor to the pope's two grandsons whom the old man had made cardinals, at the age of fifteen, in the opening weeks of his reign.他是不是一个真正curialist所有，并已到了该公告的保罗三，作为一个导师，以教宗的两个孙子，其中老先生取得了枢机主教，当时年仅十五，在开幕星期他的统治。 The third legate was the solitary English cardinal, Reginald Pole, the near kinsman of King Henry VIII, and an exile for his faith this many a year.第三legate是孤立英语红衣主教（ Reginald极点，近亲人的国王亨利八世，并流亡海外，他的信念，这许多年。 His mother, and other relations, had some years before been executed by the king, and the cardinal was continuously in danger from the Italian bravos whom Henry hired to assassinate him.他的母亲，以及其他关系，有一些几年前被处决，由国王和红衣主教是不断在危险从意大利bravos其中亨利雇来暗杀他。 Pole, at forty-five, was roughly Cervini's contemporary, a scholar primarily, the Christian humanist indeed, and learned in the Fathers, in the new Renaissance manner.一极，在45 ，大致cervini的当代，有学者为主，基督教人文主义事实上，据悉，在父亲，在新的文艺复兴的方式。 With his great friend Contarini, whom a premature death had carried off in 1542, he was regarded by all as the very embodiment of the Catholic Reformation.他的伟大的朋友contarini ，任何人过早死亡进行了起飞，在1542年，他就被所有的作为非常体现了天主教改革。 It fell to him to write the opening address of the legates to the council--a frank admission that it was clerical sin mainly that had brought religion to this pass, and a passionate plea for sincerity in the deliberations.下降到他写开幕致词中的legates向安理会-坦率地承认，这是文员单仲偕认为，主要是带来了宗教这一关，并充满激情的呼吁诚意了分组审议。 One who was present has recorded that as the secretary of the council read the speech, the bishops instinctively turned to look at Pole, recognising from its tone and content who was its actual author.其中一人，目前已录得表示，由于理事会秘书宣读了讲话，主教们本能地把目光转向极点，从认识到它的语气和内容，谁是它的实际作者。 Paul III could have given no clearer sign of his own sincerity than in this association of Cervini and Pole in the direction of the longed-for council.[5]保罗三，可给予不清晰的迹象，他自己的诚意，超过这个协会cervini和极的方向，渴望已久的安理会。 [ 5 ]
As to procedure, the bishops decided that only bishops and generals of religious orders should have the right to a vote.至于程序，主教们决定，只有主教和将领和宗教界人士都应该有权利进行了表决。 The question whether to treat doctrinal matters first (as the pope required, to the anger of Charles V) or the reforms, they settled by treating both simultaneously-- along with each decree about a doctrine called in question by the reformers there would be enacted a definite law about reforms.问题是否对待教义事项首（教宗要求，以愤怒的查尔斯五世）或改革之后，他们解决了治疗两手抓-与对方相处法令约学说呼吁在这个问题改革者将颁布一个明确的法律改革。 After some experiments the following system of work was adopted.经过一番实验，以下的工作系统获得通过。 The technicians would debate the proposed decree with the bishops assisting as an audience.这些技术人员将讨论拟议法令与主教协助作为一个听众。 This was the meeting called the "particular congregation" of the council.这是本次会议上被称为"特别是众"的认识。 Next the bishops, meeting alone, discussed the matter under the presidency of the legates--the "general congregation"--and came to a final conclusion about the text.明年主教，会议仅讨论了这件事的主持下，该legates -"一般会众" -首先来到了一个最后的结论约文本。 Then, in a public meeting called a "session," an open vote was taken and the decree read out as the council's definition.然后，在一次公开会议上被称为"会议" ，公开表决，结果，并命令读出，作为安理会的定义。 In the first chapter of the council's history the public sessions took place in the cathedral of Trent, later in the church of S. Maria Maggiore.在第一章的安理会历史上举行公开会议发生在大教堂的遄达，后来在教会中的第玛丽亚Maggiore的。 The particular congregations were held in various mansions of the little city.特殊的毕业典礼分别在各大厦的小城市。 Of the twenty-five public sessions between 1545 and 1563, seventeen were devoted to definition of doctrine and the promulgation of reform laws.对2005年公开开庭15时45分至1563年， 17个专门的定义，原则，并颁布实施改革法。 The rest were ceremonial occasions for the transacting of the inevitable legal formalities--the opening of the council, the various suspensions, and reopenings, and so forth.其余则红白事为交易的必然法律手续-开幕的理事会，各种悬浮物，并重新挖掘路面，等等。
The technical work done by the bishops, the theologians, and the canonists was of a very high order, and the work was done thoroughly.该技术的工作，由主教，神学家，以及canonists是一个非常高的新秩序，这项工作是做透。 It took, for example, seven months to hammer out the decree on the key doctrine of Justification, forty-four particular congregations and sixty-one general congregations.花了，举例来说， 7个月的谈判进行得法令，对关键学说的理由， 44 ，特别是教会和61一般的毕业典礼。 The decrees about belief especially are evidence of the theological revival that had begun with the emergence of the great figure of Cajetan, and is marked by the teaching of Francis de Vittoria and Soto-- the last named of whom actually took part in the council.该法令对信仰的，尤其是有证据的神学复兴说，政府已开始出现了伟大人物的cajetan ，其标志是教学的弗朗西斯德vittoria和索托-最后点名的人，实际上参加了会议。 The language of the decrees, again, is that of men influenced by the new classical learning of the Renaissance--as is that other literary monument of the council, the so-called Catechism of the Council of Trent.语言的法令，又是男性的影响，由新古典学习的文艺复兴-为的是其他文学碑的理事会，即所谓理讲授了安理会的遄达。 And all in all, the theological achievement of Trent is a memorial to the small band of competent writers who, from Luther's first adventure, had never ceased to examine critically and to expose the weaknesses and the mischievousness of his theology.和所有的一切，神学思想建设成就的遄达是一个纪念，以小波段的主管作家，从路德的第一次冒险，但从未停止过严格审查，并揭露弱点和恶作剧或他的神学。
It was a small band also who, at Trent, whether of the theologians or of bishops, brought about this great result.这是一个小乐队还谁，在遄达，无论是在神学家或主教，使这个伟大的结果。 The modern French historian who, to a statement similar to this, appends the word heureusement was not merely cynical.近代法国一位历史学家，一个类似的陈述， appends字heureusement ，并非单单是玩世不恭。 The comparatively small number of bishops made for manageable discussions.相对少数的主教为便于管理讨论。 When, three hundred years later, there appeared at the Vatican Council some seven hundred or so bishops and, in the early days, the drafts of decrees prepared proved inadequate, and debates dragged on endlessly, a prelate who knew his history said, feelingly, "If the Fathers of Trent could rise from their graves, they would disown us."时，三百年后，出现在梵蒂冈会有些700多主教，并在成立之初，报告草稿的法令，准备证明不足，而辩论的一拖再拖，没完没了，一个总主教谁知道他的历史，说， feelingly ， "如果父亲的遄达可能上升，从他们的坟墓，他们将不承认我们" 。 The number of bishops present at the Tridentine sessions varied greatly.有多少主教目前在德律但丁届有很大的差别。 At the opening of the council there were, besides the legates, 32.在开幕式上，安理会有，除了legates ， 32 。 During the remainder of this first (1545-47) period the numbers gradually increased to 68.在余下的这首（ 1545年至1547年）期间的人数逐渐增加至68条。 In the two sessions of the second (1551-52) period there were 44 and 51, respectively.在两会的第二次（ 1551年至1552年）期间，有44和51 ，分别为。 The third (1562-63) period began with 105, and rose to 228 at the session of November 11, 1563.第三次（ 1562年至1563年）期间开始， 105号，并上升至228人出席了本届会议的1563年11月11日。 At the closing session there were 176.在闭幕会上，有176家。 As well as the bishops, there were also present the generals of five religious orders, who were full members of the council, with the right to speak and to vote.以及主教中，也有本将军的五个宗教命令，他们都充满了安理会成员，话语权和表决权。 Two of these played a principal role in the council, the Augustinian Girolamo Seripando[6] in the Paul III period of the council, and the Jesuit, Diego Lainez in the two closing years.两这些方面起了主要作用，在安理会中， augustinian girolamo seripando [ 6 ]在保罗第三期的理事会，和耶稣，迭戈lainez在两个闭幕。
Throughout the council, the great majority of the bishops were from Italian sees--which does not imply that they were all equally at the disposal of the Curia Romana.整个会议上，绝大多数的主教们分别来自意大利认为-这并不意味着他们都同样在处理被没收的罗马教廷。 The Italy of the sixteenth century was not, of course, a single unified national state.在意大利的16世纪是没有的，当然是一个统一的民族国家。 In central Italy--one sixth of the whole Italian territory--the pope was the sovereign.在意大利中部-六分之一的整个意大利领土-教宗是宗主国。 To the south and in Sicily and Sardinia, it was Charles V (as King of Naples) who ruled, and he also ruled the Duchy of Milan in the north.至该国南部和西西里和撒丁岛，这是查尔斯五世（作为国王的那不勒斯）统治，而且他还统治着大公国的米兰在北方。 Whether the 110 bishops of the kingdom of Naples were likely to favour papal policies against those of their king needs no telling.是否110位主教的王国，那不勒斯人可能赞成教皇政策，对他们的国王需要，没有人知道什么。 To the east of Milan lay the Venetian Republic, one of the most powerful states in Europe which, notoriously and for generations, had taken its own line in ecclesiastical affairs.以东方的米兰奠定了威尼斯共和国，其中一个最强大的国家，在欧洲，众所周知，并为几代人，采取了自己的路线，在教会事务。 In a list of 270 bishops present, at one time or another, during the third period of the council, 187 are set down as "Italians," 31 are Spaniards, 26 French, with no more than 2 from Germany.在名单上的270名主教，目前，在同一时间，或另一种，在第三期的理事会， 187订定为"意大利人" ， 31家西班牙人， 26个法语，不超过2次，从德国。
The various orders of friars played a great part in the council, furnishing the bulk of the theological experts, and--many others of them--sitting as bishops.各种命令的方济各会士起到了很大的一部分，在安理会中，提供了大部分的神学专家，而且-许多其他人-坐在作为主教。 There were no fewer than 23 Dominican bishops at the council, for instance, and a total of 28 Dominican theologians besides.有不少于23多米尼加主教在安理会的同意，例如，一共有28多米尼加神学家除了。 It was at Trent that St. Thomas Aquinas first really came into his own as the doctor communis among the theologians.这是在遄达说，圣托马斯阿奎那第一次真正成为他自己，作为医生跖草之间的神学家。
The prestige of the Council of Trent was to approach the fabulous in the ensuing centuries.威信，安理会的遄达是办法，精彩，在接下来的几个世纪。 And not surprisingly.毫不奇怪。 In answer to the challenge of the reformers it had surveyed anew the greater part of the Christian belief and had reaffirmed it, always with an especial explicitness about the points where Luther and the rest had gone astray.在回答挑战的改革者，它重新接受调查的大部份的基督教信仰，并重申了它，永远与一种特殊清晰了解点路德和其余已误入歧途。 It had looked directly in the face the dreadful disorders that had for centuries disfigured the practice of religion, and had laid the axe to the root of the tree.它所看到的，直接在面对可怕的疾病已数百年毁容的做法，宗教，并已奠定了斧头到根的树。 It had no less boldly innovated in the remedies it provided.它没有那么大胆创新，在补救办法，它提供了。 The decrees of Trent "remain to this very day, the most noble part of all the Church's legislation," a modern authority can say.[7] All this is what every man knows about the Council of Trent.该法令的遄达" ，仍然是这一天中，最崇高的组成部分，所有教堂的立法， "一个现代化的权威可以说， [ 7 ]这一切，是每个人知道安理会的遄达。 It remains for us to examine, a little more in detail, what those scores of pages of reform decrees contain.它仍然为我们自省，多一点细节，那些几十页的改革法令的内容。 Perhaps the summary will be less deadly if it follows the simple historical fact that the council abolished altogether many practices hitherto lawful, and introduced much that was new, and that it hoped to secure the future observance of what it now decreed by the related legal devices of a new kind of power for the diocesan bishop and of penalties for wrongdoing that would work automatically.也许简要不会那么致命，如果它遵循简单的历史事实是，安理会完全取消许多做法迄今合法的，并介绍了很多，这是新的，并表示，它希望确保未来遵守什么，现在颁布的有关法律法规的装置一种新的力量，为教区主教的处罚过失行为，将自动工作。 The summary list of the achievements that follows is not, of course, complete, and it does not follow the chronological order of the sessions.简易程序的清单所取得的成就，以下是没有的，当然，完整，它不遵循时间顺序排列的交流会。
Of all the chronic scandals of the fourteen to the sixteenth centuries none had given rise to more continuous resentment than the papal licences to ecclesiastics to hold more than one see, or abbey, or parish simultaneously--scandals connected with what is called compendiously, the benefice system.所有慢性丑闻的十四至十六世纪以来都不曾出现连续多怨恨比教皇牌照ecclesiastics以持有多于一个看到的，或修道院，或教区同步-丑闻与什么是所谓c ompendiously， benefice制度。 Trent utterly forbade this practice--even where the beneficiaries were cardinals--and the council ordered all existing pluralists to surrender all but one of the benefices they held.遄达绝对禁止这种做法-即使受益人为枢机主教-和安理会下令所有现有pl uralists交出所有，但其中的b e nefices他们举行。 It abolished, also, all expectatives, that is to say, all grants of posts when they next fell vacant; and, with these, "coadjutorships with the right of succession," the practice whereby the benefice-holder secured, in his own lifetime, the nomination of his successor (a relative usually) to whom, when something better for himself turned up, he could surrender the parish, or canonry, or see.它取消了，此外，所有expectatives ，这就是说，所有补助金职位的时候，他们未来下跌空置，以及与这些" coadjutorships与继承权"的做法，即benefice持有人的担保，在他自己的一生此项提名他的继任者（相对通常）的人，当好为自己拒绝了，他可以交出堂，或canonry ，或见。 The choice of coadjutors to sees was strictly reserved henceforth to the pope.选择coadjutors要视被严格预留今后向教宗。 Meanwhile the third chronic benefice scandal was checked--the absentee priest or abbot or bishop, who never even saw his flock but merely drew the profits while a hireling tended them at a salary.与此同时，第三慢性benefice丑闻被检查-缺席的神父或住持或主教，他们甚至从来没有看到他的羊群，而只是提请利润，而用工往往使他们处于薪金。 Dealing with which the council roundly says, "The law about residence has become in practice a dead letter."处理，其中安理会全面地说， "约法居留，已成为在实践中成为一纸空文" 。 The new method of dealing with this old trouble was to forbid all licences allowing clerics with a cure of souls to reside away from their posts, to set out in detail the limits of the temporary leave annually allowed them, and to provide an automatic penalty of loss of right to the income--so that the delinquent who managed to get the income was, in effect, stealing it and bound to restitution.新的处理方法，这种旧的麻烦是要禁止所有牌照，允许教士与治愈心灵居留离开自己的岗位，要详细列明限制的临时离境，每年让他们，并提供自动被罚款丧失权利的收入-让少年犯谁管理，以获得收入，但实际上，盗窃，它注定要恢复原状。 No more were there to be sees where, like Milan, no archbishop had resided for a hundred years.没有更多的人有被看到的地方，像米兰，没有主教已住满了一百年。
Other dispensations, to the profit of the benefice-hunting cleric, which were now abolished were the permissions which enabled newly appointed bishops to delay their consecration all but indefinitely, so that boys could be appointed to sees, draw their revenues (or their parents draw them in their stead), and, when arrived at an age to be ordained and consecrated, could remain in their semi-lay state until, succeeding to some lay dignity, they chose to resign an abbey or see, marry and found a family.其他dispensations ，以利润的benefice -狩猎教士，现在被取消权限，使新任命的主教，以延迟其consecration所有，但无限期地拖下去，让男生可以被委任为认为，制定自己的收入（或他们的家长借鉴他们而起） ，并在抵达时，上了年纪要受戒，并consecrated ，可以留在自己的半打下状态，直到接替部分奠定尊严，他们选择了辞职的一个修道院或见，婚嫁和成立家庭。 No one, henceforward, is to be appointed to a see who has not been in Holy Orders for at least six months, and he must be consecrated within six months, or the appointment lapses.没有人，从今以后，是被指定为看看谁没有在神圣的订单至少有6个月的时间，他必须consecrated 6个月内，或委任的失误。 For lesser clerics, the dispensation, so often given, to delay receiving the orders which were the very condition of holding the post was likewise abolished; and also licences to be ordained by whatever bishop the cleric chose.对于较轻的神职人员，配药，所以往往给予，以延缓接受订单，其中有相当的条件持有邮政也同样被取消，也牌照须受戒不管主教神职人员选择。 Bishops were now told that it was their duty to ordain personally all the clerics destined to work in their own particular sees.主教们现在说，这是他们的职责，以阿拉维亲自所有神职人员注定要工作，在自己的特定看到。 The benefice-holder not yet ordained must go for ordination to the bishop of the diocese where his benefice lay.该benefice持有者尚未受戒必须选择，以主教教区他benefice奠定。
Money--the cleric's need and desire for more and more of it--was certainly one main cause of the religious malaise whence Luther's chance came.钱-神职人员的需要和愿望，为越来越多的，它-当然是一个主要的原因宗教弊病何时路德的机会来了。 Trent cut away two perennial sources of trouble by abolishing, under most stringent automatic penalties, the custom by which bishops, making the visitation of their dioceses, either levied a tax on the parishes visited, or were given tributes of affection, free gifts, etc., in the shape of money, and otherwise.遄达撤消两个多年生来源麻烦取消，根据最严格的自动惩罚，习俗，其中主教，使探视他们的教区，无论是征收税对教区参观，或给出了悼念的爱心，免费赠品等，在形状的金钱，否则。 And it abolished similar age-long customs for the benefit of the bishop at ordinations.它废除了类似的年龄，只要海关为造福主教在ordinations 。 Finally the council remembered Luther, and how his revolution had started, in 1517, with a declaration against Indulgences which stressed the scandals deriving from the connection between these and the Christian duty to give alms to pious causes.最后会记住路德，以及如何他的革命已经开始，在1517 ，一个宣言对indulgences强调丑闻源于之间的联系，这和基督教有责任给予施舍，以虔诚的原因。 The council speaks of these abuses as the occasion of heretical blasphemies, and of the wickedness of the alms collectors' practices being the source of great mischief to the ordinary Catholic.安理会说，这些虐待之际邪blasphemies ，以及邪恶的施舍收藏做法作为微软的一大恶作剧，以普通天主教。 The very office-- name and thing--of clerical "alms-collector" (questor in Latin) is therefore abolished, the council bluntly stating that after two centuries of lawmaking there seemed to be no hope of their amendment.非常办公室-姓名和事-文员的"施舍-收藏家"（ q u estor在拉丁语系） ，因此，取消了，会直截了当地指出，经过两百年的立法，似乎没有任何的希望，他们的修正。 The duty of announcing Indulgences was reserved henceforward to the bishop of the diocese, and, for the future, the giving of an alms was never to be the necessary condition for the gaining of an Indulgence.当值宣布indulgences预留从此以后，以主教教区，并在未来的岁月，让一个施舍从未成为必要条件，为争取一个放纵自己。
Finally, in the matter of marriage, the council restricted the force of the law which forbade marriage between in-laws (so to call them) related through sinful sex relations,[8] between those related through a brother or sister's solemn espousals (sponsalia), or by the spiritual relationship set up through the sacrament of baptism--the council frankly admitted that the number of these prohibitions had become an occasion of sin to very many, of invalid marriages, for example, contracted in ignorance, which the partners refused to abandon, and which could not be broken off without danger of further sin.最后，在这件事的婚姻时，会限制了法律的力量，其中禁止婚姻关系中的法律（因此称之为）相关透过罪孽深重的性别关系， [ 8 ]之间的相关通过一个弟弟或妹妹的严正espousals （ sponsalia ） ，或由精神关系成立，通过圣事的洗礼-安理会坦然承认，有多少这些禁令已经成为一个场合的罪过很多，无效婚姻，例如，在承包的无知，而合作伙伴始终不肯放弃，并不能中断，在无危险的进一步罪过。 The council also abolished secret marriages--marriages where none need be present but the man and woman who contracted the marriage.安理会还取消了秘密婚礼-婚前没有必要出席的，但男人和女人谁承包该婚姻。 Such marriages--provided the parties were really free to marry--were true marriages.这种婚姻-为各方提供了真正自由地结婚-是真实的婚姻。 But since the fact of the marrying could not be proved by independent testimony, and since the mutual contradiction of the two partners (should one of them choose to abandon the other) was not capable of resolution, these secret marriages were a chronic source of trouble.但由于事实上的结婚不能证明是由独立的证词，并自相互矛盾的两个伙伴（应，其中一人会选择放弃其他） ，是没有能力解决，这些秘密结婚一种慢性来源麻烦。 The Church, says the council's decree (Tametsi, November 11, 1563), "has ever held the practice in detestation, and strictly forbidden it."教会说，安理会的法令（ tametsi ， 1563年11月11日） ， "有一次实践detestation ，严禁它" 。 To contract a marriage in this way was, generally speaking, a grave sin.签订合同，在婚姻这条路，一般来说，都是大罪。 Those married in this clandestine fashion were, once the fact was discovered or admitted, condemned to a public penance in reparation of the scandal, and compelled to renew their matrimonial pledges in due form in the parish church.已婚者在这个秘密被时装，一旦事实被发现或承认，谴责以公开忏悔的赔偿金的丑闻，并强迫他续约的婚姻承诺，以适当形式在教区教堂。 The council's proposal, to decree that clandestine marriages were, by the fact, not marriages at all, met with strong opposition.安理会的建议，以法令秘密结婚的人，由事实，而不是婚姻的一切，在遇到强烈反对。 All, of course, acknowledged the terrible evil they had caused from time immemorial, but many bishops doubted whether the Church had the power to make the declaration which, for the future, nullified all marriages but those contracted before three witnesses, one of whom must be the parish priest (parochus, ie, "pastor" in the modern American parlance) or a priest licensed by him or by the bishop.[9] The reader will perceive, behind the objection, the shade of a doctrinal controversy about the power of the Church of Christ with reference to the matter and form of the sacraments.一切的，当然是承认可怕的邪恶事件，造成从远古时期，但许多主教，质疑教会权力作出声明，其中，对于未来，废止所有婚姻，但这些合同之前，三名证人，其中一人必须被教区牧师（ parochus ，即"牧师" ，在现代美国用语）或一名牧师许可由他或由主教。 [ 9 ]读者会察觉到，背后的人反对，树荫下是一种学理上的争论，电力该教会的基督参考此事，并形成的圣礼。 To avoid the chance of a debate about this, the council dealt with the practical problem only, and it is among the disciplinary reforms, and not among the decrees on doctrine, that the great change was placed.为了避免机会辩论，安理会处理实际问题，这是各学科的改革，不属于法令学说，这是伟大变革放置。 At the same time the council refused to declare null for the future marriages of young people made without the consent of their parents.在同一时间，安理会拒绝宣布无效，为未来的婚姻青少年未经父母同意。 "Had there been no other reason for calling this council," said a bishop who took part in it,[10] "this task alone, the condemnation of furtive marriages, would have justified its being summoned, for there was not a corner of the world that this plague had not infected, the occasion, for generations, of an infinity of wicked deeds."[11] "有没有其他的原因，召开这次会议，说： "主教参加， [ 10 ] ， "这项工作，仅谴责furtive婚姻，有充分理据，其被传唤，因为现在还没有一个角落世界上这一顽疾没有被感染，场合，为几代人，一个无限大的邪恶事迹" ， [ 11 ]
The bishop's arm as a reformer is strengthened, time and again, in the Tridentine reforms, by the clause that he acts "as delegated for this by the Holy See."新辅理主教的手臂作为一个改革者，加强了，一次又一次地，在德律但丁改革中，该条款认为他的行为" ，授权给这个由罗马教廷" 。 This in such matters as these: the visitation of all chapters within his diocese, of all monasteries which are held "in commendam,"[12] and of all "pious places," ie, places of pilgrimage, shrines, and so forth; for the examination of all dispensations sent through him, from Rome, to his subjects (and henceforth it is always to the petitioner's bishop that dispensations will be sent), of all Roman permissions to change the terms of wills; the examination and correction of all notaries, a race whose costly incompetence is frequently complained of; the correction of all secular clerics who live in his diocese, and of all regulars there who are not living within a monastery; for the summary, out- of-hand correction of notorious and defiant concubinary clerics, and for the suppression of all abuses and superstitions centering round the mass.这个在这类问题上，因为这些：探视的所有章节，在他的教区，所有的寺庙，这是举行"在commendam ， " [ 12 ] ，以及所有"虔诚地， "也就是说，地方的如火如荼之际，神殿，等等;为检查所有dispensations送往通过他，从罗马，他的科目（从此以后，它总是给信访人的主教说， dispensations将被送交） ，在所有的罗马权限，以改变条款遗嘱;审查和纠正一切公证员，一个种族，其昂贵的无能是频频抱怨;改正所有世俗教士住在他的教区，所有的常客，有那些不居住在一座修道院;关于总结出的第一手资料更正及恶名昭彰违抗concubinary神职人员，为制止一切滥用权力和迷信围绕群众。
In all these cases the bishop's sentence takes effect immediately.在所有这些情况下，新辅理主教的刑期立即生效。 He is given the like power to unite neighbouring parishes, and to divide parishes that are, geographically, too large, and this whether the priests are willing or not, and he may finance the new from the revenues of the old as he judges best.他是因为喜欢权力，以团结邻近教区，并鸿沟教区是，在地理上，比重过大，这是否祭司是愿意还是不愿意，他可融资新的，从营收的老，因为他的法官最好的。 Where the priest is too ignorant to preach, the bishop may provide him with a better instructed curate, fix his salary and compel the parish priest to pay it.当神父是太无知传教，这位主教可能为他提供一个更好的指示鉴定，确定其工资，并迫使教区牧师支付。 Dilapidated churches are a frequent subject of comment in all medieval church records.残破的教堂间频繁的议题发表评论，在中世纪的教会记录。 The bishop's powers "as delegated," etc., make it possible to compel the repair of churches, ie, to compel those to whom the parish revenues are paid to finance the repairs, even the repairs of monastic churches where the superior of the local abbot is negligent in this duty.新辅理主教的权力"作为下放"等，使人们有可能迫使修复教堂，即迫使那些向谁教区总收入支付给金融维修，即使维修寺院教堂那里优越的地方住持是疏忽在这方面的义务。 Finally, he may use the same power to finance, out of the revenues of the cathedral chapter, the new public lectureship of Sacred Scripture which he is ordered to institute in his see-city, the Scripture teaching in the diocesan "high school," and the diocesan seminary which he is now ordered to found.最后，他可以使用同样的权力，以金融，走出了营收的大教堂章中，新的公共讲座的神圣经文中，他是奉命研究所在他见城，经文教学中的拔萃" ，高中"和教区修院现在他奉命发现。 One sometimes hears the nonsense that never have bishops really been bishops since the Council of Trent.有时一听到废话说，从来没有真正主教主教一直以来，安理会的遄达。 Actually, with Trent there came to an end, once and for all, that reign of the exemptions from episcopal authority which had plunged the Church into an anarchy that had well nigh destroyed her religious life, so that Pole, as legate at the council, could speak of "the almost ruined Church."其实，与遄有告结束，但一劳永逸，即在位的豁免主教管理局已使教会成为无政府状态，已几乎摧毁了她的宗教生活，使一极，作为legate在安理会，能说的"几乎毁了教会" 。
There are three phrases that continually recur in this new legislation, tamquam delegatus, deinceps (ie, henceforward), and ipso iure, a phrase of the same force as our own common expression, English now as well as Latin, ipso facto--the fact here, being the law in which the phrase appears.有三句话，即不断重演，在这个新的立法， tamquam delegatus ， deinceps （即，从今以后） ，并依据法律上，一句同样的力量当作自己的共同表达，英语，现在以及拉丁语，依事实-事实上，在这里，作为法中，这句话出现。 This is the magical automatic penalty.这是神奇的自动惩罚。 The law issues an order, and states a penalty, and the delinquent incurs the penalty immediately he breaks the law, sometimes a spiritual penalty such as excommunication, sometimes the loss of a title to income.法律问题，一声令下，与各国的罚款，逾期产生罚款，立刻触犯刑律，有时是一种精神的罚则，如禁教，有时甚至失去了所有权收入。 Some of these penalties we have met already, incidentally, on our voyage through the forest.部分这些惩罚我们曾会见了，顺便说一句，我们的航程中，通过森林。 Here are more specimens.这里有更多的标本。 It is the bishop who is the subject chiefly affected.这是主教，他是受主要影响。 The bishops at Trent are legislating about their own order; they are reforming bishops, securing to the best of their powers that "Never again," etc., etc. It is with laws providing against the catastrophe of bad bishops that the council's reforms, indeed, begin; to which the blunt honest words of Pole's keynote speech, at the opening of the council, all but compelled them.主教们在遄达是立法对自己的命令，他们是改革的主教，争取以最好的自己的权力， "千万不要再"等等，这是与法律，规定对灾难的坏主教认为，安理会的改革，的确，开始;何种钝性诚实的话极点的主旨演讲，在开幕式上，安理会所有，但迫使他们。 "Let us come to what are called abuses.... It will be found that it is our ambition, our avarice, our cupidity that have wrought all these evils on the people of God." "让我们来有什么所谓的虐待… …它会被发现，这是我们的雄心，我们的贪欲，我们的cupidity已经紧张得要命，所有这些邪恶对人的上帝" 。 Trent may indeed have been the glorious triumph of orthodoxy over the new heresies, but we shall fail wholly to understand the real changes it brought about, unless we see also in the council the repentant episcopate, sitting in sackcloth and ashes.遄可能确实已成为光荣的胜利正统超过新的异端邪说，但我们将无法完全了解真正的变革，它带来的，除非我们也见在立法会会议上表示忏悔主教团，坐在sackcloth及灰烬。 "Before the tribunal of God's mercy we, the shepherds, should make ourselves responsible for all the evils now burdening the flock of Christ ... not in generosity but in justice...." "在法庭上的上帝的怜悯我们，牧羊人，应该为此做出自己负责一切邪恶，现在负担着基督的羊群...不慷慨之举，而是在司法… … 。 So Pole, once more.这么一极，一旦以上。
These reforming bishops, then, use the device of the "automatic" penalty so that the absentee bishop loses the right to his income, and the pluralist is deprived of sees he will not resign; that the concubinary prelate who defies the warnings of the provincial council loses his see; that the bishop becomes (in law) a thief who accepts gifts from those he ordains or from the parishes and other churches where he is making the visitation; and that the metropolitan is deprived of his right to officiate who fails to report to Rome the fact of a defiantly absentee suffragan.这些改革主教，然后，使用该装置的"自动"刑罚，使缺席主教失去了正确的，他的收入，以及多元，是剥夺认为他不会辞职;表示concubinary主教，他们无视警告的省会失去他见;主教成为（在法律上）一个小偷，接受馈赠，那些他ordains ，还是从各教区和其他教会他在哪里，使探视，并认为大都市，是剥夺他的权利，并担任主礼人不报告中，以罗马的一个事实，一个公然缺席suffragan 。 It is in the same way, too, that the pluralist of lesser degree is reached, and the non- preaching parish priest is fined.它是在以同样的方式，也表示，多元化的，或多或少是共识，以及非说教教区牧师是罚款。
The simplest remedy for whatever has been amiss in these matters is to appoint to the office none but good men, competently endowed with the needed natural gifts and technical training.最简单的补救措施，无论已不妥在这些事情上，是委任给该办公室，但没有一个好的男人，能干，赋予必要的天赋和技术培训。 And on this subject the council has much to say, about preliminary enquiries before the appointments are made.并就这个问题，安理会已经有许多话要说，大约有初步调查前政府作出委任。 Ultimately the responsibility lies with that supreme authority whose bulls are the essential element in all these appointments.最终的责任在于与最高权威的公牛队是不可或缺的一环，在所有这些任命。 The council ventures to hint at negligence here as the chief source of the evils.安理会合资暗示疏忽，在这里作为行政来源的邪恶。 "In the last place, this holy synod, troubled by the number of these most serious evils, cannot refrain from putting on record, that nothing is more necessary for the Church of God than that the most blessed pope of Rome, who by his office is bound to the care of the whole Church, should give this particular matter his closest attention, [namely] to associate with himself, as cardinals, only men of exceptional character and gifts, and to appoint as diocesan bishops the very best and most suitable; and this all the more because our Lord, Jesus Christ, will require at his hands the blood of those sheep of Christ who have perished through the wicked misgovernment of neglectful bishops unmindful of their duty."[13] "在过去，这个神圣的主教，困扰了不少这类最严重的丑恶的东西，可以不备案，没有比这更需要为神的教会比说，最有福的教宗，罗马人，由他的办公室势必照顾整个教会，应该给这件事他最亲密的注意， [即]联想于律已，为枢机主教中，只有男人的特殊性格和礼物，并任命为教区主教非常最优秀和最合适;这时候都更因为我们的主耶稣基督，将要求在他手中的鲜血，那些羊基督的人都灭亡了，通过恶人不当的疏忽主教不顾自己的义务" 。 [ 13 ]
Both cardinals and bishops are explicitly warned that the natural affection of a man for his kinsfolk breeds nepotism, that this affection can be "a seeding-plot of many evils in the Church."双方红衣主教和主教都是明确警告说，自然感情的一名男子为他的亲属滋生裙带关系，这种感情可以是一个"播阴谋许多邪恶在教会里" 。 So the council forbids these personages to provide for their relations out of church revenues.所以会禁止这些人士，为他们提供关系走出教堂的收入。 If they are poor folk, they may, of course, be succoured like other poor folk.如果他们是穷人的民歌，他们可能的，当然是被succoured像其他贫困民歌。 And one of the most obnoxious troubles of the past centuries is faced when the council begs bishops to be moderate in the use of excommunication, "for experience teaches that if this penalty is inflicted rashly, and for slight offences, it provokes contempt, not fear, and works harm to the offender rather than good"--excommunication being, in the mind of the Church, not a vindictive act but medicinal, something done to bring a man to his senses.其中一个最厌恶麻烦的，过去几百年所面对的是何时会不禁问道：主教应适中，在使用禁教" ，为的经验教导我们，如果这个刑罚是造成摊子，有轻微的罪行，它挑起的蔑视，而不是恐惧，及工程害苦了罪犯，而不是好" -禁教，在他心中的教会，而不是一个恶意的行为，但药用，做点事，使一名男子，以他的理智。 Bishops are warned especially not to allow themselves, in this matter, to be made the tools of the state, excommunicating according to the wish of the prince.主教会受到警告，尤其是不要让自己，在这个问题上，以被列作工具的国家， excommunicating据该想的王子。
Two more items in this lengthy selection and we have done; one of them about the layman--a rare subject for direct notice in these Canon Law sections.另外两个项目，在这个漫长的选择和我们已经做;之一，他们对于门外汉-一种罕见的课题，直接通知，在这些教会法部分。 The subject is duels, the use of which, as an acknowledged social convention among the nobles--and what a curse it was to be down to the mid- nineteenth century!--is now first establishing itself.该课题是决斗后，其使用的，其中，作为一个公认的社会习俗之间的贵族-什么诅咒，它是用来降低至十九世纪中叶！ -现在先建立本身。 The council's principle is that the man who kills another in a duel is a murderer.安理会的原则是把人杀死另一个在决斗是一个杀人犯。 The man killed dies with the stigma that his last intention, too, was murder.该名男子死亡，死后与耻辱，他最后一次意图，也被谋杀。 The seconds are accessories to murder, and the friends of the parties who assemble to see the duel are approvers.该秒内配件，以谋杀，和朋友们的各方人士聚集地看到决斗是approvers 。 All, then, are henceforward punished by ipso facto penalties: the principals and the seconds are excommunicated, and incur the legal penalty of "perpetual infamy"--never again will a court of law consider their testimony in any case before it; they rank as professional criminals, and are all to be held as murderers.所有的，那么，从此以后处罚依据事实处罚：校长和秒驱逐，并招致法律处罚的"永久臭名" -永远不要将法院依法考虑他们的证词在任何情况下，才，他们的职级作为专业的罪犯，都是即将举行，作为杀人犯。 If one of the party is killed in the duel he is not to be given Christian burial.如果其中一党是死亡决斗，他并没有得到基督教墓地。 All who encourage the duel, and the spectators, are also, by the fact, excommunicated.所有的人，鼓励决斗，和观众，也由事实上，驱逐。 Rulers, whatever their rank (and the emperor is explicitly mentioned), who make provision for the fighting of duels-- providing a kind of official duelling ground (for example) are ipso facto excommunicated, and lose all their jurisdiction over the place where this is situated, if it is a fief of the Church; if it is held by a lay prince, the place reverts to the suzerain.统治者，不论其职级（和皇帝是明确提到） ，他们作出规定，为战斗的决斗-提供一个种官方冠军赛地面（举例） ，是依据事实驱逐，失去其所有司法管辖权的地方，这坐落，如果是采邑的教会;如果它是一所奠定的王子，地点归还给宗主国。
"With regard to the ordination of priests, Holy Father, no care whatever is taken," the cardinalitial committee on reform had reported to Paul III, eight years before the council met. "就以统筹的牧师，圣父教宗，没有任何照顾，无论是采取" cardinalitial委员会关于改革已上报保罗三，八年前，安理会举行会议。 "The most ignorant of men," they said, "and sprung from the dregs of society, and even themselves depraved, mere youths, are everywhere admitted to holy orders." "最无知的男子， "他们说， "异军突起，从糟粕的社会，乃至自己腐化，仅仅是青年，到处都是承认，进入神圣的命令" 。 We touch on one of the great mysteries of medieval Catholicism, not that there were bad priests, but that the Church never faced the problem of training and educating the rank and file of the parochial clergy--and this in the centuries which saw the rise of such remarkable formative institutions as the monastic orders and the orders of friars.我们接触的一个伟大的奥秘中世纪天主教，不会有坏的神职人员，但教会从来没有面对问题的培训和教育工作员佐级人员的狭隘的神职人员-而这在几百年，其中看到了崛起这种了不起的形成机构，作为寺院的命令及命令的方济各会士。 Here, more than in any other point, with Trent a new age begins.在这里，更比在任何其他点，以遄达一个新时代的开始。 "Youth, unless rightly trained, sinks to the pursuit of the lustful pleasures of the world," say the venerable Fathers of the council. "青年，除非是正确的训练，水槽，以追求般快乐的世界， "说，老父亲的认识。 "Unless a boy has been formed in habits of prayer and religion from his tenderest years, before the habits of adult vice can take root, he will never perfectly persevere in ecclesiastical discipline, unless by some very great and more than ordinary grace from God." "除非一名男童已经形成习惯的祈祷和宗教从他的温柔来，然后习惯成人色情能够生根，他将永远不会完美，坚持教会的纪律，除非是由一些具有十分重大而多于普通恩典来自上帝。 " So the council now decrees that every bishop shall set up a special college where picked boys shall live and be given a religious training, be taught to live the clerical life.所以，安理会现在法令，每一个主教应成立一个专责学院回升男孩将生活，并给予一个宗教训练，教导活文职生活。 These are to be boys who give promise of perseverance in the Church's service, poor boys preferably.这些将被男生们承诺的毅力，在教会的服务，穷人男孩最好。 They must be twelve years old at least, and able to read and write well, and of legitimate birth.他们必须在12岁至少，并能够阅读和书写良好，而合法的出生。 This college "will become a permanently fruitful seed-bed (seminarium) of ministers of God."这个学院"将成为一个永久卓有成效的种子床（ seminarium ）部长会议的上帝" 。
The council, in this aside, has given the new institution the name it will henceforward always bear--the seminary.安理会同意，在此之外，有鉴于新的机构名称，它会从今以后经常紧-修院。 The programme of studies is next set out, and the way of life: daily mass, monthly confession, Holy Communion as often as the boy's confessor judges.该研究计划是在未来订定出来，让生活的方式：每日弥撒，每月供述，圣餐，因为经常被视为男孩的忏悔法官。 On Sundays, and at the great feasts, the seminarians will assist at the services in the cathedral, hard by which the college is to be placed, or in other churches in the town.上周日，并在伟大的节日，修道会协助，在服务方面的大教堂，努力使学院是要放置，或在其他教会在该城。 Unsuitable boys, the incorrigible above all and the troublemakers, are to be sent away.不适合男生，不可救药高于一切，滋事份子，是被派到远离。 As the years pass, they receive minor orders and go on to their professional studies, Holy Scripture, ecclesiastical treatises, the administration of the sacraments (especially the hearing of confessions), the Church's ritual.随着岁月的通行证，他们获得小订单，并继续以自己的专业研究，圣经，教会同时，政府的圣礼（尤其是听证会的自白书） ，教会的仪式。 They will receive Holy Communion more frequently once they are in minor orders, and will begin to be associated with the practical work of the parish clergy.他们将接受圣餐，更频繁，一旦他们在小订单，并开始被认为是与实际工作的教区神职人员。 Once they receive the subdiaconate they are to communicate every week.一旦他们获得subdiaconate他们沟通，每星期。 For this first of the major orders they must be twenty-one years of age completed, for the diaconate twenty-two, for the priesthood twenty-four.这首先最重要的命令，他们必须二十一年岁的完成，为diaconate 2002年，为圣职24 。 The foundation of these new colleges the bishops are to take in hand quam primum--at the earliest opportunity.该基金会的这些新的学院，主教是采取手怎么primum -在最早的机会。
The remainder of this very long decree is taken up with rules about the choice of teachers, and their needed academic qualifications.余下这很长的法令而采取的是与规则的选择老师，他们所需要的学历。 As to finance, the bishop is given exceptionally wide powers to call upon all the ecclesiastical revenues of his diocese, of the regulars (even the exempt) as well as the diocesan clergy, the mendicant orders alone excepted.至于财务方面，该主教是给予格外广泛权力，呼吁所有教会的收入他的教区的常客（甚至免除） ，以及教区神职人员，乞讨订单仅除外。 Special provision is made for the diocese that is too poor or too small to provide its own seminary.特别编列经费用于教区是太穷或太小，以提供自己的修道院。
These clergy, thus carefully trained, and now duly ordered, how are they to live?这些神职人员，因此精心训练的，现在正式下令，他们如何生活？ The sixteenth-century parish rarely needed more than one priest to attend to it--so numerous were the parish churches, even in the cities.[14] In most churches there were chapels built by pious men of means, where mass was daily offered for the repose of the souls of themselves and their family--the chantries.十六世纪的教区，很少需要一个以上的神父参加，以它-使无数人的教区教堂，即使在城市。 [ 1 4]在大多数教堂，有教堂建虔诚男人的手段，那里的群众每天提供为repose的亡灵，他们自己和他们的家庭-c hantries。 The funds left were sufficient to keep the priest appointed to the duty--this was his benefice.资金左侧是足以把神父获委任为职责-这已经是他b enefice。 Very often also he served as schoolmaster.很多时候也是他担任校长。 Now one of the trials of the pious man down to the end of the Middle Ages had been the sight of the horde of beggar-priests--priests without any benefice at all, driven to live by their wits out of the general benevolence of the laity.现在的一个审判的虔诚男子下跌至年底的中世纪一直忽略了部落的乞丐-牧师-祭司，没有任何b enefice，都赶到现场，由他们一筹莫展出一般善的俗人。 As well as founding the seminary system, Trent forbade bishops to ordain candidates who could never be of service, and also all who were not able, at their ordination, to bring legal proof that they were in peaceful possession of a benefice the income of which was enough to support them.以及建国修院制度，遄不准主教阿拉维的候选人不可能的服务，并且也都人没能在他们的协调，将采取法律举证说，他们在和平藏有benefice收入，其中足以支持他们。 Even good, suitable candidates are not to be ordained, says the new law, if they are lacking here.即使是好的，合适的人选是不被祝圣说，新的法律，如果他们缺乏的。 This benefice, if it is the only one the priest possesses, he is never allowed to resign without expressly stating that it is the benefice by title of which he was ordained.这benefice ，如果这是唯一的一个牧师拥有的，他是绝不允许个人辞职，没有明确说明这是benefice由标题，其中他被祝圣。
The sixteen dogmatic decrees of the council, for all their terse style, would run to some sixty pages of this size even in a terse translation.十六教条式的法令，理事会，他们所有的简洁风格，将开办一些第六十一页这样的规模，即使在一份简短的翻译。 Little more can be done than to list them, and for the student of history especially, to point out the excellent starting point they are for the study of the Catholic religion as it was in the early sixteenth century, and of the theological case between the Church and the reformers.多一点可以做的比列，并且为学生的历史，尤其要指出极好的出发点是为研究天主教宗教，因为它是在16世纪初，该案件神学之间教会和改革者。 It is a statement of that case as simple and as clear as it is authoritative.这是一个声明，这个案件简单，明确的，因为这是权威的。 These decrees are, in form, miniature theological treatises, and they are carefully not written in the technical language theologians use.这些法令是，在形式上，迷你神学论文，他们是不小心写在技术语言神学家使用。 To each decree there is a list of canons annexed, statements, that is to say, of some point of the reformed teaching which is contrary to the teaching set forth in the decree and therefore condemned.每一个法令是有名单的大炮所附，声明，这就是说，对某一点的，改革教学，这是违背教学中所列的法令，并因此受到谴责。
Here, in chronological order, is the list of the dogmatic decrees, with the dates of the sessions when they were passed, and a note of the number of the canons attached to them and of the length (in printed pages) of the decrees:在这里，在时间顺序排列，是名单上的教条式的政令，随着日期的会议时，他们获得通过，并记下该数量的大炮重视他们的长度（在印页）的法令：
| Doctrine学说 | Session会议 | Date日期 | Canons大炮 | Decrees法令 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Holy Scriptures圣经 | 4四 | 8th Apr 1546 1546年4月8日 | None无 | 1一 |
| Original Sin原罪 | 5五 | 7th Jun 1546 1546年6月7日 | 5五 | 4四 |
| Justification理由 | 6六 | 13th Jan 1547 1547年1月13日 | 33 | 16 |
| The Sacraments in General圣礼一般 | 7七日 | 3rd Mar 1547 1547年3月3日 | 13 13日 | 1一 |
| Baptism洗礼 | 7七日 | 3rd Mar 1547 1547年3月3日 | 14 | None无 |
| Confirmation确认 | 7七日 | 3rd Mar 1547 1547年3月3日 | 3三 | None无 |
| The Holy Eucharist II [15]圣体圣事二[ 15 ] | 13 13日 | 11th Oct 1551 1551年10月11日 | 11 11日 | 8八 |
| Penance忏悔 | 14 | 15th Nov 1551 1551年11月15日 | 15 | 15 |
| Extreme Unction极端unction | 14 | 4th Nov 1551 1551年11月4日 | 4四 | 3三 |
| The Holy Eucharist II [16]圣体圣事二[ 16 ] | 21 | 16th Jun 1562 1562年6月16日 | 4四 | 3三 |
| The Holy Eucharist II[17]圣体圣事二[ 17 ] | 22 | 9th Sep 1562第9月9日二八八一一五六二 | 9九日 | 4四 |
| Holy Orders神圣的订单 | 23 | 15th Jul 1563 1563年7月15日 | 8八 | 3三 |
| Marriage婚姻 | 24 24日 | 11th Nov 1563 1563年11月11日 | 12 12日 | 1一 |
| Purgatory炼狱 | 25 | 4th Dec 1563 1563年12月4日 | None无 | 1一 |
| Cults: Saints Relics Images邪教：圣人文物图像 | 25 | 4th Dec 1563 1563年12月4日 | None无 | 3三 |
| Indulgences indulgences | 25 | 4th Dec 1563 1563年12月4日 | None无 | 1一 |
It will be observed that more than half of the text of the decrees is given to the doctrine of the sacraments.这将看到，有一半以上的案文，该法令赋予中庸圣礼。 This, indeed, ever since Luther's famous tract, The Babylonian Captivity of the Church (1520) had been the main point of the Protestant assault, in this sense, that what was challenged here was what every man could appreciate immediately, namely, the actual practice of the religion instituted by Christ our Lord.这一点，事实上，自从路德的著名道，巴比伦囚禁的教会（ 1520 ）已被这点主要的新教殴打，在这个意义上说，这是什么挑战，在这里是什么人都可以立刻欣赏，即实际实践中的宗教是由基督我们的上帝。 All could see here the difference between the old and the new, where only a select few were in a position to judge the implications of the new key-doctrine that Justification is through faith alone.都可以在这里看到差距，新和旧的，只有少数人的立场来判断的影响，新的关键的理论，理由是通过信仰。 With this heresy the Council dealt very faithfully, in a single decree of sixteen chapters that takes up one- quarter of the whole text.与此异端安理会处理非常忠实地，在一个单一法令的16个章节，这部分占了四分一整段文字。
Trent, it is sometimes said, put an end once and for all to the indefiniteness and confusion of thought among Catholics--to their comparative freedom to believe pretty much what they liked, in one version of the criticism.遄达，而且有时是说，结束后，并为所有不确定性和混乱的思想天主教徒-以自己的比较自由，相信几乎自己所喜欢的，在其中一个版本的批评。 But this matter of terminating differences, when true at all, is true only with a great reservation.不过，这件事的终止分歧时，古今中外皆然，是真正的只有一个很大的保留。 The confusion, or division of opinion, was not about traditional doctrine but about the problems raised by the new theories, differences in part related to the practical problem how best to deal with the points raised by Luther, and how to reconcile the Lutherans by so stating the tradition that it would satisfy them also.混乱，或分歧的意见，是不是对传统学说，但对所提出的问题，新的理论，分歧部分涉及到实际问题，如何以最佳方式处理所提出的各点路德，以及如何调和lutherans如此说明传统它将满足他们还。 The idea that the Catholic unity in the fundamentals of belief about grace, original sin, justification, and the sacraments is the fruit of the Tridentine restatement of Catholic doctrine, is too grotesque for patience to bear.这一想法，即天主教团结在基本面的信仰约恩典，原罪，理由，以及圣礼是水果的德律但丁重述天主教教义，是太荒唐耐心承受的。 Nowhere does the council say--in effect--so far some Catholics have believed it is X, others that it is Y. but from henceforth, all shall believe it is Y. It is, on the contrary, forever using such phrases as, "following the teaching of the Fathers we define...."无处是否会说-实际上-至今一些天主教徒认为这就是X，别人认为这是耀不过，从今以后，所有应相信这是耀是，与此相反，永远用这样的短语作为" ，以下为教学的父亲，我们确定… … 。 Where is the doctrinal definition of this council, for comment on which the theological lecturer will not turn for guidance to St. Thomas, to say nothing of one or other of the Fathers?试问，这是理论上的定义，本会征求意见，即神学讲师不会拒绝为指导，以圣托马斯，更何况一个或其他的爸爸？
Trent is a witness to the age-long tradition, to the Apostolic tradition, as truly as Nicaea twelve hundred years before or the Vatican Council three hundred years later.遄达是一位证人的年龄长的传统，以使徒传统，为真正作为的尼西亚一千二百年前或梵蒂冈理事会三百年后。 It never does more than state, with the peculiar authority and explicitness of a General Council, what the body of the teaching theologians had been agreed on for centuries and the Church as a whole had implicitly accepted and practiced.它一直都没有超过国家，以特有的权威和清晰的一般性会议，有什么身体的教学神学家已经商定，为新世纪和新教会作为一个整体，含蓄地接受并实践。 As to questions which do not touch the substance of a particular doctrine, but regard methods of explaining and defending it, questions of its history, its relation to other doctrines, questions arising from the various ways in which different ages have set it out, the council decides nothing.至于问题，不涉及实质内容的某一学说，但对于法的解释和捍卫它，问题的，其历史，它与其他学说，由此引起的问题，从不同的方法，使不同年龄的日子确定了，安理会决定无关。 From the learned warfare of the Catholic theologians about such matters, it carefully distinguishes its own role, which is not theological scholarship but the preservation of the traditional belief, and the exposure, and condemnation therefore, of whatever contradicts this.从战争中汲取的天主教神学家对这些问题，仔细区分了自己的角色，这是不是神学奖学金，但保存的传统信仰，并曝光和谴责，因此，无论是自相矛盾的。 As to the theological views put forward in the council, and rejected, in, eg, the long discussions that preceded the decree on Justification, when what was called the theory of the double Justification was proposed as an orthodox solution that might reconcile Lutheranism and Catholicism--how new such ideas were among Catholic theologians is illustrated, it may be suggested, from the fact that when the leading theologian of the age, Cajetan, was dealing, in 1507,[18] with St. Thomas' refutation (two centuries in advance) of Luther's basic theory, he has no comment to make about this that would suggest that anywhere among theologians was there any division of opinion on the essence of the question.至于神学所提出的意见在安理会中，并拒绝了，例如，长时间的讨论之前法令的理由，当什么叫做理论的双重理由，提出了作为一个正统的解决方案，可能调和路德教，天主教-如何利用新的意念，其中天主教神学家，是说明了，它可能提议，从事实，当领导的神学家的年龄， c ajetan，正在处理的，在1 507[ 1 8]与圣托马斯驳斥（两个世纪提前）的路德的基本理论，他对此不作评述，使关于此这意味着在任何地方之间的神学家，有任何的意见分歧对问题的实质。
The decrees restate the whole doctrine; they are not merely a contradiction of the reformers' innovations.该法令重申整个学说，他们并非单纯是一个矛盾的改革者的创新。 The canons attached to the decrees are short summary condemnations of heresies that contradict the doctrine set out in the decree, and not of the new, contemporary heresies only.该炮隶属该法令是简短的摘要，被谴责的歪理邪说违背教义载于法令，而不是新的，现代的歪理邪说。 Thus, along with the Lutheran theories about Original Sin, there are also condemned (yet once again) the heresies of Pelagius.因此，随着路德理论原罪，也有谴责（但再次） ，异端邪说的pelagius 。 To show something of the council's teaching, the canons on the key doctrines of Justification, the Sacraments in General, and the Holy Eucharist will now be summarised.显示东西了安理会的教学，炮，对关键学说的理由，圣礼，一般和圣体圣事会现撮。
In the matter of Justification, a doctrine which now makes its first appearance--in its own right--at a General Council, these new errors are condemned:[19] the theory that man is passive, like a stone, under the influence of grace; that since Adam's fall there is no real freedom in the human will, this last idea being an invention brought into the Church by the devil; that the good works done by man before he is justified are sins meriting damnation; that nothing but faith is requisite to achieve Justification; that man can be justified otherwise than through the justice of Christ;[20] that man is justified by the imputation only, of the justice of Christ--Justification being no more than God showing favour to a man; that the faith without which man cannot be justified is the trustful confidence that the divine mercy has forgiven his sins for Christ's sake; that it is a condition for a man's sins being forgiven that he believes, without any hesitation, that his sins have been forgiven; that no one is justified unless he believes he is justified, this belief being what brings about absolution and justification; the justified man is bound to believe, as of faith, that he is numbered among those predestined [to eternal life]; that all men except these are, by the Divine Power, predestined to evil; to believe is the only thing commanded in the Gospel, all the rest being neither commanded nor forbidden, the Ten Commandments having nothing to do with being a Christian; Christ our Lord was sent as a Redeemer to save, not as lawgiver to be obeyed; man, once justified, cannot sin or fall from grace; there is only one sin that is mortal, the sin of not believing, and through no other sin can grace once attained be lost.在这件事的理由，一种理论，而现在它的第一次亮相-在自己的权利-在一个总理事会，这些新的错误都谴责：[ 1 9 ]的理论，人是被动的，犹如一石的影响下，的宽限期，即自亚当的秋天是没有真正的自由，在人的意志，最后这个想法是一项发明带入教堂魔鬼;认为好的作品所做的男子面前，他是有道理的罪孽是值得damnation ;无关，但信仰是必要的，以达到理由，即男子可以提出理由，否则，除透过司法基督; [ 20 ] ，该名男子是有正当理由的归责只，对公义的基督-论证不超过上帝显示赞成，一男子;说，如果没有信仰的人是没有道理的，是可以信赖的信心，认为神圣慈悲已原谅他的罪孽，为基督的缘故;这是一个条件，一个人的罪过被原谅的，他认为，没有任何迟疑，他的罪过已原谅;没有人是合理的，除非他认为自己是合理的，这样的信念正在什么带来赦免和理由;正当男子必然相信，因为信仰的，他的编号是那些命中注定[永生] ;所有男人，除了这些，由神力，注定了邪恶;相信是唯一的指挥下，在福音，其余所有既不能指挥的，也没有禁止，十诫扯不上什么作为一个基督徒;救主被送往作为一个救世主拯救，而不是作为lawgiver必须服从;男子，一旦合理的，不能单或下降，从文采，是不是只有一个单仲偕认为是致命的，罪恶的不相信，并通过无其他单可一旦恩典达到丢失。
This is not a complete account of what the thirty-three canons about Justification contain.这不是一个完整的交代什么， 33门炮，大约理由遏制。 It omits some more subtle statements that would call for a lengthy explanation, and it omits canons which state, not a theory the reformers put out, but Catholic doctrine which they deny.它忽略了一些更微妙的陈述，将呼吁成立一个冗长的解释，但它忽略了炮，哪一个国家，而不是一个理论的改革者提出了，但天主教教义，他们坚决否认。
As to the new theories about the kind of thing sacraments are, the canons[21] condemn those who say: that there are more or less than seven sacraments instituted by Christ our Lord--baptism, confirmation, the Eucharist, penance, extreme unction, order, marriage--or that any one of these is not truly a sacrament in the full sense of the word; that these sacraments only differ from the sacraments of the Jewish dispensation as one ritual from another; that the sacraments are not a necessity of salvation, but that through faith alone, and without the sacraments at all, man can obtain from God the grace of Justification; that the sacraments were instituted for the purpose of nourishing only faith; that the sacraments do not contain and confer the grace which they signify--as though they were but outward signs of the grace or justice received through faith, badges of Christian profession that mark off the believer from the infidel; that the sacraments do not themselves confer grace by the very activity of the sacrament (ex opere operato), but that only faith in the divine promises is sufficient to obtain grace; that all Christians have the power to administer all the sacraments; that any pastor of the Church can change the received and approved rites used by the Church in the solemn administration of the sacraments.以新的理论对这种事圣礼是，大炮[ 21 ]谴责那些说：有更多或少于7圣礼由基督我们的上帝-的洗礼，确认，圣体圣事，忏悔，极端u nction ，秩序，婚姻-或任何其中之一就是没有真正从楼上掉了，在完整意义上的字;这些圣礼只有不同于圣礼的犹太省却作为一个祭祀从另一个;圣礼，是不是必需品救恩的，但通过信仰单，并没有圣礼的一切，在人类才能获得上帝赐予的理由;圣礼被提起，用以滋养只有信仰;圣礼不包含授予恩典他们象征-好像他们，但外向的迹象宽限期或正义得到通过信仰，徽章的基督教界人士认为，马克小康信徒从异教徒;圣礼本身不赋予宽限期由非常活动的圣餐（当然opere operato ） ，但只有信仰在神圣的承诺是否足以获得宽限期，即所有基督徒都有权管理所有圣礼;任何牧师的教会可以改变接获和批准仪式所用的教堂庄严政府当局的圣礼。
As to the doctrine called the Real Presence,[22] the council condemns: those who, denying that Jesus Christ, God and Man, is truly, really, substantially present in the sacrament of the Holy Eucharist, hold instead that He is only present as in a sign or image or manifestation of power (in virtute); those who say that the substance of the bread and the wine remains along with the body and blood of Christ, denying that marvellous and unique changing of the whole substance of the bread into the Body [of Christ] and the whole substance of the wine into [His] Blood, while the appearance of bread and wine still remain--the change which the Catholic Church most suitably calls Transubstantiation; those who say that the Body and Blood of Christ is not there following upon the consecration (peracta consecratione), but only while the sacrament is in use, while it is being received, that is to say, but not before this or after this, and that in what is left over of the consecrated hosts or particles after communion has been administered, the true Body of the Lord does not remain; who say that the main fruit, or the sole fruit, of this sacrament is the forgiveness of sins; or that Christ the only begotten son of God is not to be adored in this sacrament with the externals of the reverence called latria,[23] and that those who do so adore Him in this sacrament are idolaters; that Christ is shown forth in this sacrament to be received [by the communicant] in a spiritual manner, and not also sacramentally and really; that only faith is sufficient preparation for receiving this most holy sacrament.以中庸所谓真正的存在， [ 22 ]安理会谴责：这些人，是无可否认的耶稣基督，人与上帝，是真的，真的，大幅度目前在圣圣体圣事，举行而是说，他是目前唯一的作为一个标志或形象或表现形式的权力（在virtute ） ;那些说这种物质的面包和葡萄酒仍是随着身体和血液基督的，是无可否认的壮美和独特的变化，整个物质的面包进入人体[基督]和整个物质的酒[他]的血液，而外观的面包和葡萄酒仍是-改变，其中天主教教会最适当呼吁陷于变体说，这些人说，该机构和血液基督，是不是有以下后， consecration （ peracta consecratione ） ，但只有而圣餐是在使用，而它正在被接受的，也就是说，而不是在此之前或在此之后，以及在什么是遗留下来的该consecrated主机或微粒后，共融一直经管的，真正的机构主不留;人士说，这样做主要水果，或唯一的水果，这圣餐是罪的赦免;或基督独生子的上帝是不被喜欢在这圣餐与外部的崇敬所谓latria ， [ 23 ] ，并认为那些这样做，崇拜他，在这圣餐是盲目崇拜者;基督表明，在此圣餐将收到的[由communicant ]在一种精神的态度，是不是还sacramentally真的，那只有信仰是有足够的准备接受这个最神圣的圣餐。
The Council denies[24] that there is a divine command that all shall receive Holy Communion under both the forms, ie, of wine as well as of bread, and that it is a necessary sacrament for little children It condemns those who deny that the whole Christ is received when Holy Communion is received under the form of bread alone.安理会否认[ 24 ]有一种神圣的指挥，所有应领取圣餐下，无论是形式，即葡萄酒以及面包，而且这是一个必要的圣餐为老吾老以及人之老，幼吾幼以及人之幼它谴责那些否认说整个基督时，共接获圣餐，是根据所收到的形式，单靠面包。
There remain the canons attached to the decree about the sacrifice called the Mass,[25] clear statements in everyday language.有待于门炮，隶属该法令对牺牲的所谓大众， [ 25 ]明确的声明，在日常用语。 The Council condemns those who say: there is not offered in the Mass a true and proper sacrifice to God; nothing more is meant by this word "offered" than that Christ is given to us to be eaten; Christ by the words Do this in commemoration of Me,[26] did not constitute the apostles priests, or ordain them, so that they and other priests should offer His body and blood; the sacrifice of the Mass is a sacrifice of praise and thanksgiving only, or a mere commemoration of the sacrifice offered on the Cross, but not a sacrifice whereby God is appeased; [the sacrifice] profits only those who receive [Holy Communion]; Mass should not be offered for the living and the dead, or for sins, penalties, satisfactions, and other necessities; a blasphemy is inflicted, through the sacrifice of the Mass, on the most holy sacrifice wrought by Christ on the Cross; the Mass takes away from the sacrifice on the Cross; the Canon[27] of the Mass is full of errors and should be done away with; the masses where none but the celebrating priest receive Holy Communion are unlawful and should be abrogated.安理会谴责那些说：有没有提供大众一个真实和适当的牺牲，向上帝，没有更多的意思是这两个字， "提供"比耶稣是给我们吃;基督的话做，这在纪念我， [ 26 ]并不构成使徒牧师，或阿拉维的，以使他们和其他神职人员应该给予他的身体和血;牺牲大众是一个牺牲的赞美与感恩，还是仅仅纪念牺牲，提供了在十字架上，而不是牺牲，而上帝是姑息; [牺牲]的利润，只有那些得到[圣餐〕 ;大规模不应被优惠，活人与死人，或为罪过，处罚，满足感，和其他必需品;亵渎，是造成的，是通过牺牲的群众，就最圣洁的牺牲紧张得要命，由基督在十字架上;群众需远离了牺牲在十字架上;佳能[ 27 ]的群众充满错误，应予以取消;驻地群众，但没有一个欢庆的牧师领取圣餐，是非法的，应予废止。
It has been a simpler task to tell the story of what the council accomplished, without any reference to the contemporary events of those eighteen years, 1545-63.这是一个简单的任务来讲述的是什么会完成，没有任何参考，以当代事件的那些十八年， 1545年至1563年。 But, without requiring anything like the history of those years, the reader is entitled to ask, Why was the council twice interrupted, and for so long a period?但是，不需要什么像历史上的这些年中，读者有权问，为什么是安理会两次中断，而这么长的时间？ In 1547 the cause was the outbreak of the plague at Trent.在1547年的起因是爆发鼠疫在遄。 The council hastily voted an adjournment to Bologna (March 10) to the fury of Charles V (who took for granted that the plague was mere excuse) and to the embarrassment of Paul III, who realised he would be held responsible for what was, in fact, in no way his doing.安理会匆忙表决押后博洛尼亚（ 3月10日）向愤怒的查尔斯五世（人理所当然地认为，鼠疫是仅仅是借口） ，并在尴尬保罗三，他们意识到，他将负连带责任是什么，在事实上，在没有出路，他这样做。 Several sessions were held at Bologna in 1547, a mere marking of time.几次会议举行的博洛尼亚在1547年，仅仅标示的时间。 Meanwhile the emperor carried his attack on the pope to the uttermost limits--ordering his own bishops not to leave Trent, proclaiming that this handful was the real council and the majority at Bologna a mere conventicle.同时皇帝拎着他的无端攻击教宗，以重，限制-订购自己的主教们不要离开遄，宣称这一小撮是真正会和大多数在博洛尼亚仅仅c onventicle。
This crisis had come, in fact, at a moment when the political relations of emperor and pope were at their worst.这一危机已到，事实上，在的时候，政治关系的皇帝和教宗若望保禄二世在其最危险的。 The opening of the council in 1545 had found them allies in Charles' often-delayed, but now about to be executed, war against the German Protestant league.开幕安理会于1545年发现了他们的盟友，查尔斯经常延迟，但现在即将被处死，战争对德国新教联盟。 But by the time of Alva's crushing defeat of the princes at Muhlberg (April 24, 1547) relations between the chiefs were strained.但经过一段时期的阿尔瓦的惨败的王公在米尔贝格（ 1547年4月24日）之间的关系酋长紧张。 The pope's unsatisfactory son, Pierluigi, whom he had invested with the duchies of Parma and Piacenza, against the emperor's will (and possibly against his rights) in 1545, was a thorn in the emperor's side.教宗的不理想的儿子，科里纳，他已投入了与duchies的帕尔马和皮亚琴察，对皇帝的意志（也可能是对他的权利）于1545年，是一个眼中钉皇帝的一方。 The imperial viceroy in Milan arranged the duke's assassination (September 10).帝国总督在米兰安排了公爵的暗杀（九月十日）举行。 Was Charles V privy to this?当时查尔斯五世枢密院这样做呢？ It is hardly likely, but he had assented to the plan to expel Pierluigi by force (May 31).这是绝不可能的，但他已assented该计划驱逐科里纳以武力（五月三十一日） 。 This crime was committed in the early weeks of the Bologna period of the council.这种犯罪是在最初几周博洛尼亚期间的安理会。 Charles, by virtue of Muhlberg, was master of Germany as no emperor had been for hundreds of years.查尔斯凭借米尔山，是师父的德国因为没有皇帝了数百年。 A brittle glory it was to prove, but the threat of this prince, already ruler of half of Italy, to the independence of the pope was real indeed.脆性荣耀，它是为了证明，但威胁的这个王子，已经统治者的一半意大利，以独立的教宗是真正的，确实的。 And the emperor used his mastery to impose on Catholic and Protestant, in Germany, a religious settlement of his own, the so-called Interim.和皇帝，用自己掌握强加给天主教和基督教，在德国，一个宗教团体解决自己的，所谓的中期。 Was Charles now going to prove himself a Spanish Henry VIII?当时查尔斯现在去证明自己是一个西班牙语亨利八世吗？ The old pope found somewhere a reserve of patience, and the explosion never happened.老教皇发现某处储备耐心，爆炸从未发生过。 The bishops went home from Bologna, and from Trent, and then in November 1549 the pope died.主教们回家了，从博洛尼亚，从遄达，然后在1549年11月，教宗死亡。
There followed the long dramatic ten weeks' conclave of 1549-50, in which Pole almost became pope, and from which the senior president at Trent, Del Monte, emerged as Pope Julius III.随后，从长远戏剧性十周'秘密会议的1549年至1550年，其中一极，几乎成为教宗，并从其中高级总统在遄达，蒙特，逐渐成为教宗戏剧三。 And now began the old weary business of persuading Charles to cooperate in the reassembly of the council, and the French king too.现在开始厌倦旧的业务说服查尔斯合作，在重新组装的理事会，和法国国王。 Charles had a new point to urge--the reassembled council should be a new council altogether; the Protestants would be pleased if all the matters defined at Trent were treated anew as open questions.查尔斯有一个新的起点，以敦促-重新安理会应该是一个新的理事会共有;新教徒将很高兴，如果所有事项界定遄治疗脱胎换骨的公开问题。 The French king, Henry II, whose reign[28] had barely begun utterly refused to have anything to do with the council.法国国王亨利二世，其在位[ 28 ]刚刚开始完全拒绝有任何与安理会。 He was, in fact, on the verge of war with the pope, the casus belli being the revolt of Paul II 's grandsons against the new pope.他，其实是于1896年的战争与教宗，案例belli作为反抗保禄二世奇摩孙子，对新教宗。 The French king had taken up their cause.法国国王已经采取了他们的事业。 Julius III, as more than one incident at Trent, especially with Charles V's bullying commissioners, had shown, had one of the great tempers of the day.戏剧三，作为一个以上的事件，遄，尤其是与查尔斯五世的欺凌专员，所表明的那样，有一个伟大的脾气的一天。 But somehow he managed to stifle it, and despite some bad blunders and vacillation he managed to get the council on its feet again in 1551.可是不知他设法扼杀它，尽管出现了一些不好的失误和动摇他设法让安理会就其脚又在1551年。 It was in this period that the Protestants accepted the invitation to come to the council--an incident which merely showed beyond all doubt that the new doctrines were not reconcilable with the old.正是在这一时期，新教徒接受我的邀请，到会-一个事件，其中仅显示毋庸置疑，新的学说不是调和与旧的。
And now in Germany the war with the Protestant League took up once more.现在，在德国战后与新教联盟了一遍。 This time it was the emperor who was defeated and his army destroyed, in southern Germany.这个时候，这是皇帝的人被击败和他的军队摧毁了，在德国南部。 he pursuit was so hot that Charles himself narrowly escaped capture, and as he made his way over the mountains to a precarious safety at Innsbruck, the bishops of the council decided it was high time they, too, moved south.他的追求是如此炎热，查尔斯本人幸免捕获，并作为他自己的方式上山朝不保夕的安全，在因斯布鲁克，主教们的理事会决定，它是高的时候，他们也南移。 So ended the Julian period of the Council of Trent.所以，结束了朱利安时期安理会的遄达。
Julius III died in 1555, to be succeeded by his one-time colleague at Trent, Cervini, whose reign lasted but a short three weeks.戏剧三，死于1555 ，以接替他的一个同事当时在遄， cervini ，其统治持续，但在短期内三个星期。 Then came Gian Pietro Caraffa--Paul IV--a hale old man of seventy-nine, the grimmest reformer who ever sat in St. Peter's chair.然后来到吉安彼得卡拉法-保罗四-海尔岁男子的7 9 ，最严峻的改革者，他们任何时候都坐在圣彼得大教堂主持会议。 As a young bishop, forty years earlier, he had sat in the all but futile Fifth Council of the Lateran.作为一个年轻的主教， 40年之前，他已坐在了，但一切都是徒劳第五届理事会的lateran 。 Perhaps it was here that he developed his strong belief that little good came of councils.也许，正是在这里，他发展了他的坚强信念不大好来到议会。 He had other methods, and for heretics they were simple enough--the stake.他可能有其他的方法，并为异端，他们很简单-股权。 Paul IV's four years of government in Rome was a reign of terror for evildoers and lawbreakers of every sort, clerical as well as lay.保罗四的4年内，政府在罗马是一个恐怖统治，为恶势力违法犯罪的每一个排序，文书以及裁员。
His death was followed by a conclave that lasted four months.他的去世结束后，随即由枢密会议认为，历时4个月。 From it came forth a pope as great a contrast to this passionate, unbalanced Neapolitan as could be imagined, Gian Angelo de' Medici, a Milanese, who took the name Pius IV.从它出来教宗作为大与此相反的激情，不平衡的那不勒斯作为可想象，吉安安吉洛德'梅迪奇，米兰，谁上台的名字比约四。 He was by training a lawyer, and by his career a professional administrator, who had governed one city after another for Clement VII and Paul III; and for his moderation he had found it prudent to leave Rome, in the days of Paul IV.他所训练的律师，但他们以自己的职业生涯一个专业的管理人，曾治一城后，又为克莱门特七和保罗三;以及他的温和，他已经找到了审慎离开罗马，在今后几天的保罗四。 His election had produced the ideal character for the delicate business of reconciling to Rome the various Catholic princes recently alienated--particularly the Hapsburgs for whom Paul IV had had an unconcealed personal hatred.他的当选已经产生了理想人格为微妙业务的调和，以罗马天主教各王子最近疏离-尤其是h apsburgs为谁保四，进行了很彰显个人仇恨。
Charles V had died a few months only before Paul IV.查尔斯五世去世几个月前，只保四。 In the empire his brother, Ferdinand I, had replaced him; in the rest of his dominions his son, Philip II.在帝国他的弟弟，费迪南德，我已更换了他，在休息的他dominions ，他的儿子菲利普二。 In France too there was a new ruler since June 1559, when Henry II was killed in a tournament--his fifteen-year-old son, Francis II.在法国也有，是一个新的统治者，自1559年6月，当亨利二世被打死在赛事-他的1 5岁儿子，弗朗西斯二。 This boy, whose wife was Mary, Queen of Scots, lasted barely a year and a half, and the sovereign with whom Pius IV had to treat was this boy's mother, Catherine de' Medici, the queen-regent for his still younger successor.这名男童，其夫人是苏格兰玛丽王后，历时仅一年半时间，和国家主权与谁比约四，要治疗这名男童的母亲凯瑟琳德'梅迪奇王后摄政王，他仍然年轻的继任者。 Add that in England the short-lived Catholic restoration of Mary Tudor had just ended, and that Pius IV faced the fait accompli of a restoration of the entire Protestant regime, with Catholicism proscribed utterly in legislation that culminated in the death penalty, and with all the bishops the new queen's prisoners.补充一点，在英国是短命的天主教恢复玛丽都铎式刚刚结束，而且比约四，面对既成事实的是恢复整个新教政权，与天主教被禁完全在立法高潮死刑，并与所有主教们在新女王的囚犯。 The queen was, of course, Elizabeth英国女王伊丽莎白二世，当然，黄钱其濂
I. Given this unusual array of talent among the leading princes, and the fact that all the old preposessions of those who were Catholics still survived-- the instinct to take control of the religious crisis into their own hands, to settle the problems of their own realms, for example, by a national council not under papal influence--given all this, the fact that Pius IV succeeded in reassembling the council, at Trent, within little more than two years would suggest that he is a more important figure than has usually been recognised.一，鉴于这种不寻常的数组国际间的人才领导王子，和事实，即所有旧preposessions那些天主教徒仍存活-本能采取的控制宗教危机到自己的双手来解决问题，其自己的境界，例如，由一个国家会不会根据教皇的影响力-鉴于这一切，事实比约四，成功地重新理事会在遄，很少超过两年的建议，他是一个更重要的人物，比通常也被承认。
With patience and prudence and a constantly firm purpose, he guided the council through what proved to be the major part of its work, and through a continuity of passionate discussions where Spanish and French bishops, as well as Italian, had to be considered and managed.以耐心和谨慎，并不断坚定为此，他指导安理会通过什么证明是主要的一部分，它的工作，并通过一个连续性的激情讨论，而西班牙语和法语主教，以及意大利人，都必须考虑和管理。 The most dangerous moments were when the Spaniards strove for a decision that the personal obligation of the bishop to live in his diocese was an obligation of divine law, and not merely of synodal legislation.最危险的时刻，当西班牙人更是一个决定，即个人责任的主教住在他的教区的一项义务，是神圣的法律，而不仅仅是对世界主教立法。 The danger was that this excellent idea masked a point of theology, and was meant to lead to a discussion of the loaded question, Is the pope the superior of the General Council or its servant?危险在于，这个想法很好，掩盖了一点神学，是指以导致讨论的负载问题，是教宗上级的总理事会或其仆人？ the question that had racked the Church of the previous century, and for a renewal of which the Church of the sixteenth century was by no means yet sufficiently healthy.该议题已绞尽了教会的上个世纪，并为重建，其中教会的16世纪，倒也不是还不够健全。 That the premature discussion of this particular application of the defined doctrine of the papal supremacy was averted was due, in especial manner, to the great cardinal whom Pius IV sent to preside at the last months of the council, Girolamo Morone.即过早地讨论这一特定的适用范围界定的学说教皇至上得以避免，是因为在特殊的方式，向伟大的红衣主教，其中比约四派主持的最后几个月中，安理会girolamo morone 。
The great council[29] ended with what jubilation about the work done may be imagined.大会[ 29 ]结束什么喜庆约所做的工作，可能是可想而知的。 The pope by a special bull confirmed all it had decreed, and by a second bull forthwith abolished all privileges and exemptions previously accorded by his predecessors which went contrary to the decrees; and to settle authoritatively all questions arising out of the interpretation of the decrees he created a permanent commission of cardinals, the Congregation of the Council of Trent, a body which developed into a kind of permanent Ministry of the Interior of the Catholic Church, and which functions to this day as one of the most important instruments of the government of the Church.教皇由一个特别牛市证实，它已颁布法令，并通过第二次牛市随即取消一切特权和豁免权以前给予他的前任，其中又以违反有关法规，并权威地解决所有问题所引起的诠释了他的法令创造了一个常设委员会的枢机主教，聚集安理会的遄达，一个机构，发展成为一种永久内政的天主教教会，以及哪些职能，以这一天作为其中一个最重要的工具，政府的教会。 The matter of providing the revised edition of the official Latin translation of the Bible, a revised Breviary and Missal, a Catechism and an Index of books dangerous to Faith and Morals, the council had left to the pope.此事提供了修订版的官方拉丁语翻译圣经修订breviary和missal ，讲授和索引的书籍有危险的信仰和道德，安理会已离开给教宗。
It was the immediate successor of Pius IV who saw to all these, except the new Bible.这是眼前的继任者比约四世时看到所有这些，除了新的圣经。 This successor was the Dominican, Michele Ghislieri, known to history as Pius V (1566 72), in whom the aspirations of good men for centuries were realised, a living saint ruling the Church.这位继任者是多米尼加，米歇尔ghislieri ，众所周知，以史为比约五（一五六六七二） ，在其中的愿望好男人数百年的人意识到，一个住执政的圣教会。 Of all the services rendered by St. Pius V (he was canonised by Clement XI in 1712) none was greater than this, that in his ruling of the Church he was as scrupulously obedient to the laws of Trent as he had been obedient to the Dominican constitutions during his long life as a friar.所有提供服务的圣比约五（他是canonised由克莱门特十一大1712 ）都不大于这个，在他执政的教会，他是作为严格服从法律的遄达，因为他已顺从向多米尼加宪法，在他漫长的生命作为弗莱尔。 He set an example which none of his successors could ever ignore; and perhaps nowhere more powerfully than in what he did with the task from which the council, in its last moments, shrank--the reformation of the Catholic Princes, ie, the defence of the rights of religion against the encroachment of the Catholic state.他以身作则，其中没有一个他的继任者都不能忽视;也许无处更有力，比他的所作所为与任务，由该理事会在其最后时刻，萎缩-改革天主教王子，即辩护关于人的权利的宗教，反对侵略的天主教国家。 But to say more about this would be to write the tragic history of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, of a fight where there were defeats, but no surrenders.但再多说，这将是写悲惨的历史，以及十七世纪和十八世纪，一个扑灭那里的败仗，但没有投案。 The ideal of the example set by St. Pius V was at times obscured.理想的表率，由圣比约五世有时模糊了。 It was never forgotten.这是永远不会忘记的。 And never, since his time, has there been any such moral falling away--nor anything remotely recalling it- -as what, in almost all his life before his election, he himself had been witness of in the highest place of all.绝不，因为他的时候，有没有这种道德归-也没有什么远程回顾- -因为什么，在几乎所有的生命才当选后，他本人曾见证，在最高的地方。
NOTES债券
1. 1 。 Jedin, A History of the Council of Trent, I, 351. jedin ，安理会历史上的遄达，我和351 。 These last two pages of my account are especially indebted to this great book.这最后两页的我的帐号是特别感激这个伟大的书。 Cf.比照。 346-54. 346-54 。
2. 2 。 Ibid., 354.同上， 354 。
3. 3 。 Op.作品。 cit., 369.引文中， 369 。
4. 4 。 Pastor, History of the Popes, XII, chaps.牧师，历史上的教皇，第十二章，第一章。 4, 5; a masterly summary in Jedin, A History of the Council of Trent, 1, 490-544. 4日， 5日，一个练概要jedin ，安理会历史上的遄达， 1 ， 490-544 。
5. 5 。 Del Monte is the future pope Julius III (1549-55), Cervini the all too short lived Marcellus II (1555) commemorated in the title of Palestrina's fine mass, and Pole only failed to become pope in 1549 through his refusal to take the least step--he would not even say he was willing--on his own behalf in the conclave. Del Monte的，是未来教宗戏剧第三期（ 1549年至1555年） ， cervini全太短住marcellus第二卷（ 1555年）为纪念在标题中的palestrina的优良质量，并极不仅没有成为教宗在1549年通过他拒绝采取最低限度一步-他不会甚至说，他愿意-他以自己的名义在秘密会议。
6. 6 。 Seripando, created cardinal by Pius IV (1559-65), later served as one of the presidents of the council, 1 562-63. seripando ，创造了最基本的，由比约四（ 1559年至1565年） ，后来担任其中的安理会主席， 1562年-63 。 7. 7 。 Maroto, Institutiones Iuris Canonici (1919),1, 87. maroto ， institutiones iuris canonici （ 1919年） ， 1 ， 87 。
8. 8 。 As King Henry VIII was "kin" to Anne Boleyn through his sinful association with her older sister, Mary.正如国王亨利八世是"健" ，以安妮boleyn通过他的罪孽深重协会与她的姐姐玛丽。
9. 9 。 The new law was passed by 155 votes to 55, GH Joyce, SJ, Christian Marriage (1933), 127.这项新的法律通过， 155票对55票，生长激素乔伊斯，律政司司长，基督教婚姻（ 1933 ） ， 127 。
10. 10 。 Jerome Ragazzoni, coadjutor to the see of Famagusta, preaching the sermon with which the council closed, December 4.杰罗姆ragazzoni ，教区助理向见的法马古斯塔，弘法布道，它会关闭， 12月4日。
11. 11 。 These summaries, as has been said, are only of the principal matters.这些摘要，正如人们所说的，只是各主要事项。 But among these surely is, also, the change by which the council abolished the age-long right of metropolitans (archbishops) to make the visitation of all the sees of the bishops of their province, the local bishop's jurisdiction suspended the meanwhile, and the archbishop correcting what he found amiss and ordering the penalties this called for.但其中肯定的是，同时，改变决议，其中安理会取消了年龄长权的大都市（大主教） ，使探视所有看到的主教们自己的省，当地主教的管辖范围内暂停使用，同时和大主教纠正他发现不妥，并限令该罚则这个要求。
12. 12 。 A monastery was said to be "in commendam" which was granted as his benefice to a cleric who was not a member of the community or of the order or even of any religious order.出家是"在commendam " ，这是理所当然的，因为他的benefice成为牧师的人是不是社会的一个成员，或该命令的，甚至是任何宗教秩序。 These commendatory abbots, who were not bound to reside at the monastery, were sometimes not even in major orders.这些称赞方丈都很人，也不一定住在寺庙，有时甚至没有在大订单。
13. 13 。 Postremo eadem sancta synodus, tot gravissimis ecclesiae incommodis com mota, non potest non commemorare, nihil magis ecclesiae Dei esse necessarium quam ut beatissimus Romanus Pontifex, quam sollicitudinem universae ecclesiae ex munens sui officio debet, eam hic potissimum impendat, ut lectissimos tantum sibi cardinales adsciscat, et bonos maxime atque idoneos pastores singulis ecclesiis praeficiat, idque eo magis, quod ovium Christi sanguinem, quae ex malo negligentium et sui officii immemorum pastorum regimine peribunt Dominus noster Iesus Christus de manibus eius sit requisiturus. postremo eadem sancta synodus ，以TOT gravissimis ecclesiae incommodis COM的莫塔萨，非potest非commemorare ， nihil更多ecclesiae dei本质necessarium怎么beatissimus romanus日Bishop ，怎么sollicitudinem universae ecclesiae特惠munens隋守debet ， 60多个这里potissimum impendat ， UT斯达康lectissimos唯一sibi卡迪纳莱斯adsciscat王bonos maxime atque idoneos " Pastores singulis ecclesiis praeficiat ， idque雇佣条例更多，并且ovium基督教sanguinem ， quae当然少量negligentium等隋officii immemorum pastorum regimine peribunt主noster iesus基督德manibus eius坐在requisiturus 。 Session 24 (Nov. 11, 1563) De Reformatione, chap. 24届（ 1563年11月11日）德reformatione ，第一章。 1, the final paragraph. 1 ，在最后一段。
14. 14 。 In London, for example, a city of about 100,000 people at the beginning of the 16th century, there were 93 parish churches alone.在伦敦，举例来说，一个城市的约10万人，在一开始的16世纪，有93个教区教堂。
15. 15 。 The doctrine of the Real Presence; the worship of God present in the sacrament, the use of the sacrament.该学说的实质存在;崇拜上帝的，目前在圣餐后，其使用的圣餐。
16. 16 。 On Communion under both kinds, and the Communion of little children.关于共融下两种，与共融的老吾老以及人之老，幼吾幼以及人之幼。
17. 17 。 On the Sacrifice of the Mass.对牺牲的麻省
18. 18 。 Just ten years before Luther's 95 Theses appeared.只是十年前，路德的95篇论文出现了。
19. 19 。 Session 6, January 13, 1547.第6次会议， 1547年1月13日。 The Latin text of the canons here summarised is in Denzinger, pp.拉丁文字的门炮，在这里撮是在登青格，聚丙烯。 277-81. 277-81 。 With respect to the phrase "all are condemned," which continually recurs in these canons, it is to be observed that the council has in mind Catholics and the ex-Catholics who, abandoning the traditional doctrines, founded the various reformed bodies.与尊重，以"一切都谴责" ，不断复发，在这门炮，它是被观察到的是，安理会已在考虑天主教徒和前天主教徒的人，放弃了传统的教条，创办各种改革机构。 The bishops at Trent were not addressing that multitude of later, non-Catholic Christians who, born and bred in these forms of belief, worship God and keep His law after a non-Catholic fashion in all good faith.主教们在遄不解决这一千头万绪后，非天主教基督信徒的人，生于斯，长于斯，在这些形式的信仰，信仰上帝保持他的法后，非天主教时装在所有的诚意。 To these, the personal condemnation was not addressed, although the condemnation of the theories inevitably stands.这些报告外，个人的谴责是不加以解决，虽然谴责理论势必停机。
20. 20 。 A heretical caricature of traditional doctrine, found useful in the Reformation propaganda.邪教漫画的传统学说，发现有用的，在改革的宣传。
21. 21 。 Session 7, March 3, 1547.会议7日， 1547年3月3日。 Latin text ibid., 281-82.拉文同上， 281-82 。
22. 22 。 Session 13, October 11, 1551.会议13日， 1551年10月11日。 Latin text ibid., 290-91.拉文同上， 290-91 。
23. 23 。 That homage due to God alone, as the Creator of all.说参拜是因为只有上帝，作为创作者所有。
24. 24 。 Session 21, June 16, 1562.会议21日， 1562年6月16日。 Latin text ibid., 310.拉文同上， 310 。
25. 25 。 Session 22, September 9, 1562.会议22日， 1562年9月9日。 Latin text ibid., 314-15.拉文同上， 314-15 。
26. 26 。 Luke 22:19.卢克22时19分。
27. 27 。 The long prayer which is the core of the rite, during which the consecration takes place.长期祈祷，其中的核心是祭，在这期间consecration发生。
28. 28 。 Francis I died March 31, 1547.弗朗西斯i死于1547年3月31日。
29. 29 。 December 4, 1563. 1563年12月4日。
From: THE CHURCH
IN CRISIS: A History of the General Councils: 325-1870来自：教会在危机：历史总议会：
325-1870
CHAPTER
19第19章
Mgr.主教。 Philip Hughes菲利普休斯
This subject presentation in the original English language这一主题演讲，在原有的英语
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