Basically there are three types of church government, the episcopal, the presbyterian, and the congregational, each of which takes on features from the others.基本上有三种类型的教会，政府， 主教，长老，和公理，每个人以对功能的。 Episcopalianism, for example, finds a large place for presbyters in its synods and elsewhere, and its congregations have many functions of their own. Episcopalianism，例如，找到一个在其主教和其他地方的长老大的地方，它教会有自己的许多功能。 Presbyterian congregations also play a large part, while the appearance of moderators attests a movement toward episcopal supervision.长老教会也发挥了很大一部分，而主持人的出现证明一对主教监督运动。 The very existence of such groupings as Congregational and Baptist Unions with their presidents shows that churches with a basically congregational polity are yet alive to the value of other elements in the Christian tradition.经确定的公理，并与他们的总统浸会联盟等集团的存在表明，与基本的公理教会政体还活着的其他元素在基督教传统的价值。 Yet the general categories do apply.然而，不适用一般类别。
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But there are objections.但也有反对意见。 There is no evidence that bishops differed from presbyters in NT days.毫无疑问，在NT天主教长老从不同的证据。 It is going too far to say that all the ministry of these times was of apostolic origin.这是过分地说，所有这些时代的使徒的起源是部。 There were churches not of apostolic foundation, like that in Colossae, which do not seem to have lacked a ministry.有没有基础的使徒教堂，喜欢在Colossae，这似乎并没有一直缺乏一个部。 Again, some of the early church orders, including the Didache, are congregational in outlook.同样，早期教会的订单，其中包括十二使徒遗训，在Outlook中的一些公理。 The case is far from proven.该病例是远远证明。
Nevertheless, episcopacy is undoubtedly early and practically universal.不过，主教无疑是早，几乎普遍。 In time divisions appeared, notably the great schism in 1054 when the Orthodox Church in the East and the Roman Catholic Church in the West separated.在时间的划分出现，特别是在1054年的大分裂时，在东方东正教和罗马天主教会在西方分开。 Both continue to be episcopal and hold to the doctrine of apostolic succession.双方继续坚持的主教和使徒的继承原则。 But there are differences.但也有差异。 The Orthodox Church is a federation of self governing churches, each with its own patriarch.东正教教会是一个教会的自治，有自己的族长各协会制定的。 The Roman Catholic church is more centralized, and its bishops are appointed by the pope.罗马天主教会更加集中，其主教是由教宗任命。 There are doctrinal differences, such as different views of the filioque clause in the Nicene Creed.有理论上的分歧，如在尼西亚信条filioque条款不同的看法。
At the Reformation there were further separations.在改革进行了进一步的分离。 The Church of England rejected Roman supremacy but retained the historic episcopate.英国教会的反对罗马至高无上，但保留了历史性的主教。 Some of the Lutheran churches opted for an episcopal system but did not remain in the historic succession.在路德教会主教的一些选择了一种系统，但没有留在历史的继承。 In more recent times other churches have decided to have bishops, e., some Methodist churches, and these too have rejected the historic succession.在更近的时候已经决定其他教会有主教，大肠杆菌，一些循道卫理教会，而这些也已经拒绝了历史性的继承。 There have been other divisions, such as the separation of the Old Catholics when the dogma of papal infallibility was proclaimed.曾有如旧的天主教徒其他部门分离，当教皇犯错误的教条宣告成立。 More Christians accept episcopacy than any other form of church government, but episcopal churches are for the most part not in communion with one another.更多的基督徒接受政府比任何其他形式的主教教堂，但教堂的主教不符合彼此的交流大部分是。
In the subapostolic age the bishop developed at the expense of the presbyters.在subapostolic时代发展的主教在长老费用。 This was due to such circumstances as the need for a strong leader in times of persecution and in the controversies against heretics and perhaps also to the prestige attaching to the minister who regularly conducted the service of Holy Communion.这是因为作为一个在迫害和对异教徒的争议，时代需要这样的情况下，强有力的领导者，甚至还以信誉附加到谁部长定期进行的圣餐服务。
There is much that is convincing in this case.有许多是在这种情况下，令人信服。 But we must also bear in mind the considerations urged by upholders of the other ways of viewing church government.但我们也必须牢记的考虑通过观看教会，政府的其他方式李家催促道。 What is beyond doubt is that from the Reformation onward the presbyterian form of church government has been of very great importance.什么是毫无疑问的是，从改革以后的长老教会，政府已经形成了非常重视。 John Calvin organized the four churches in Geneva on the basis of his understanding of the NT ministry as four fold: the pastor, the doctor (or teacher), the deacon, and the presbyter (or elder).约翰加尔文在日内瓦举办关于他的NT部作为认识的基础上的四个教堂四个方面：牧师，医生（或教师），执事和长老（或长辈）。 It was the pastor who had the care of the congregation.这是谁的牧师会众的照顾。 This was not the full presbyterian system, but it laid the foundation for it, and presbyterianism developed in Switzerland, Germany, France, the Netherlands, and elsewhere.这是不是完整的长老会制度，但它奠定了它的基础，长老会在瑞士，德国，法国，荷兰，和其他地方的发展。 On the continent the name "Reformed" is used for these churches.在欧洲大陆的名字“改革”是用于这些教堂。
Another important development in Geneva took place in a congregation of exiles from Queen Mary's England.另一个重要的发展在日内瓦参加了一个由玛丽的英国流亡者聚集的地方。 They met under their elected pastors, John Knox and Christopher Goodman, and developed along presbyterian lines.他们会见了他们所选出的牧师，诺克斯和克里斯托弗约翰古德曼，沿着长老线发展。 After the accession of Elizabeth, Knox returned to Scotland, and his work led in time to the full emergence of the Presbyterian Church in that country, from where it spread to northern Ireland.入世后，伊丽莎白，诺克斯回到苏格兰，他的工作时间对长老教会在该国全部的出现，导致从那里蔓延到北爱尔兰。 England for a number of reasons did not accept presbyterianism as wholeheartedly as did Scotland, but a presbyterian church emerged there also.对于一些原因没有接受英国长老会也为竭诚为苏格兰，但出现的长老教会，也有。 From this church Welsh presbyterianism took its origin.从这个威尔士长老教会了它的起源。 From Europe, more particularly from Britain, the church spread to America, where it became one of the most significant groups of Christians.从欧洲，特别是来自英国多，蔓延到美国，在那里成为了基督徒最重要的群体之一教堂。 In the great missionary movement of modern times missionaries carried the presbyterian form of the church far and wide, and national presbyterian churches were formed in many parts of the world.在近代伟大的传教士进行传教运动的教会长老会的形式和加深，长老教会和国家在世界许多地方形成。
Presbyterian churches are independent of one another, but they have in common that they accept such standards as the Belgic Confession, the Heidelberg Catechism, or the Westminister Confession and that they practice a presbyterial form of church government.长老教会是彼此独立，但他们的共同点是，他们接受了Belgic供述，海德堡问答，或威斯敏斯特信条这种标准，他们实行政府长老教会形式。 The local congregation elects its "session," which governs its affairs.选举产生的地方聚集的“会议”而制定的事务。 It is led by the minister, the "teaching elder," who is chosen and called by the congregation.它是由部长率领的“教学的长老，”谁是选择，由众调用。 He is, however, ordained by the presbytery, which consists of the teaching and ruling elders from a group of congregations over which it exercises jurisdiction.他是，但是，由长老，其中的教学水平和执政长老教会组成的小组从它在行使管辖权受戒。 Above it is a General Assembly.它的上方是一个大会。 In all courts parity between teaching and ruling elders is important.在所有的长辈之间的教学水平和执政法院平等是重要的。 There has been a tendency for smaller bodies of presbyterians to appear among those who are dissatisfied with the laxity (as they see it) in the way some of the larger churches hold to classic presbyterianism.出现了一个小团体倾向的长老出现在那些与谁在路上较大的教堂有些人以经典的长老松弛（因为他们看到它）不满。
Added to this is the emphasis on the local congregation in the NT.新增的，这是在NT上的地方聚集的重点。 There, it is maintained, we see autonomous congregations, not subject to episcopal or presbyterial control.在那里，它是维持，我们看到教会自治，不受主教或长老控制。 The apostles, it is true, exercise a certain authority, but it is the authority of founders of churches and of the Lord's own apostles.使徒，这是真的，行使一定的权力，但它是对教堂和上帝的使徒创办自己的权威。 After their death there was no divinely instituted apostolate to take their place.死后没有神提起使徒来取代他们的位置。 Instead the local congregations were still self governing, as we see from local church orders like the Didache.相反，地方教会仍然自治，正如我们从当地的教堂像十二使徒遗训订单看到的。 Appeal is also made to the democratic principle.号召力也向民主原则。 The NT makes it clear that Christians are all one in Christ and there is no room for any absolute human authority.新台币清楚地表明，基督徒都在基督里并没有对任何人的绝对权威的余地。
Congregationalism as a system appeared after the Reformation.作为一个系统的改革后出现的公理。 Some among the Reformed decisively rejected the idea of a state church and saw believers as forming a "gathered church," those who have heard the call of Christ and have responded.改革中一些果断地拒绝了国家教会的想法，看到为形成一个“聚集的教堂，”谁听到了基督信徒响应号召，有。 An Englishman, Robert Browne, published in Holland a famous treatise, "Reformation Without Tarrying for Any" (1582), in which he affirmed the principle of the gathered church, its independence of bishops and magistrates, and its right to ordain its ministers.一个英国人罗伯特布朗，在荷兰出版了著名的论文，（1582）“没有任何耽搁的改革”，他在肯定了所收集的教堂，它的主教和地方法官的独立性，并有权向阿拉维其部长的原则。 Denied the freedom to put all this into practice in England, many crossed into Holland.剥夺了自由付诸实践这一切在英国，许多越过边界进入荷兰。 It was from the church at Leiden that the Pilgrims fathers sailed for America in 1620 and established congregationalism in the new world, where it became very important.它是在莱顿航行的朝圣者父亲为美国在1620年，确立了新的世界，在那里成为非常重要的公理从教堂。
Congregationalism is much wider than the church that bears the name.公理是比教会承担更广泛的名称。 Baptists, for example, usually have congregational polity.浸信会，例如，通常有公理的政体。 They see the local congregation as independent and not subject to any outside authority.他们看到的地方聚集作为独立的，不受任何外界的权威。 So it is with several other denominations.因此，与其他几个教派。 In addition there are Christians who from time to time set up their own congregations with no links with anyone. Congregationalists generally oppose creedal tests. This leads to an admirable toleration.此外，还有基督徒谁不时有人设定时间没有联系，最多教会自己。 公理普遍反对教义测试。这就导致了一个令人钦佩的宽容。 But it also opens up the way to a distortion of NT Christianity, and some congregationalists have passed over into unitarianism.但它也开辟了一个扭曲的NT基督教的方式，通过把一些公理单一制了。 Nevertheless, congregationalism remains a widely held form of Christianity, and it undeniably points to important NT values.尽管如此，仍然是一个基督教公理普遍持有的形式，它不可否认点重要新台币值。
L Morris
L莫里斯
(Elwell
Evangelical Dictionary) （Elwell宣布了福音字典）
Bibliography
参考书目
RW Dale, Manual
of Congregational Principles; E Hatch, The Organization of the Early Christian
Churches; KE Kirk, ed., The Apostolic Ministry; JB Lightfoot, "The Christian
Ministry," Commentary on Philippians; TW Mason, The Church's Ministry; J
Moffatt, The Presbyterian Church; JN Ogilvie, The Presbyterian Churches of
Christendom; BH Streeter, The Primitive Church; HB Swete, ed., Essays on the
Early History of the Church and Ministry; W Telfer, The Office of a
Bishop.刻录戴尔，对公理的原则手册，电子商务孵化，在早期基督教教会组织。柯柯克，教育署，使徒部;巴顿娜莱，“基督教部”关于腓评论;荃湾梅森，教会的部;
Ĵ莫法特，长老教会;若奥格尔维，基督教长老教会;波黑斯特里特，原始的教会;。正面Swete，教育署，对教会和内政部早期历史散文;
W特尔弗，一个主教办公室。
Congregationalism
公理
Presbyterianism
presbyterianism
Episcopal
Church 圣公会
Belgic
Confession belgic自白
Heidelberg
Confession 海德堡自白
Westminster
Confession 西敏寺自白
This subject presentation in the original English language这在原来的主题演讲， 英语