The Counter - Reformation was the movement within the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th and 17th centuries that tried to eliminate abuses within that church and to respond to the Protestant Reformation. Until recently, historians tended to stress the negative and repressive elements in this movement, such as the Inquisition and the Index of Forbidden Books, and to concentrate their attention on its political, military, and diplomatic aspects. 反-改革是遷徙的羅馬天主教會在1 6和1 7世紀，試圖消除濫用在該教堂和應對新教改革。直到最近，歷史學家往往強調的消極因素和鎮壓這一運動中，如調查與指標的禁書，並集中注意其政治，軍事，外交方面的問題。 They now show greater appreciation for the high level of spirituality that animated many of the leaders of the Counter - Reformation.現在他們表現出更大的讚賞，高度靈性的動畫許多領導人的反-改革。
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Not until Paul III became pope in 1534 did the Roman Catholic church receive the leadership it needed to coordinate these impulses and meet the challenge of the Protestants.直到保羅三世成為教皇在1534年沒有羅馬天主教會的領導收到它需要協調這些衝動和迎接挑戰的新教徒。 This pope approved new religious orders like the Jesuits, and he convoked the Council of Trent (1545 - 63) to deal with the doctrinal and disciplinary questions raised by the Protestant reformers.這教皇批准了新的宗教命令的耶穌像，他召集安理會的遄達（ 1545年至1563年） ，以處理理論和紀律的問題所提出的新教改革者。 The decrees of that council formulating belief and practice dominated Roman Catholic thinking for the next four centuries.該法令，安理會制定的信念和實踐為主的羅馬天主教的思想在今後4個世紀。 Paul III, as well as his successors, also committed papal resources to military action against the Protestants.保羅三世，以及他的繼任者，還致力於教皇的資源用於軍事行動，打擊新教徒。
The Counter - Reformation was activist, marked by enthusiasm for the evangelization of newly discovered territories, especially in North and South America; for the establishment of religious schools, where the Jesuits took the lead; and for the organization of works of charity and catechesis under the leadership of reformers like Saint Charles Borromeo.反-改革是活躍，其特點是熱情，福新發現的領土，尤其是在北美和南美;建立宗教學校，那裡的耶穌率先;和組織工作的慈善和理根據領導的改革派象聖查爾斯鮑羅麥歐。 Somewhat paradoxically, there was also a renewed enthusiasm for contemplation, and the era produced two of the greatest representatives of Mysticism - Teresa of Avila and John of the Cross.有點矛盾的是，也有一個新的熱情沉思，並製作了兩個時代的最偉大的神秘主義的代表-修女的阿維拉和約翰的十字架。
John W O'Malley約翰奧馬利
Bibliography
目錄
AG Dickens, The
Counter Reformation (1969); HO Evennett, The Spirit of the Counter Reformation
(1970); AD Wright, Counter Reformation (1982).公司狄更斯，反改革（ 1969年）
;何尼特，本著反改革（ 1970年） ;公元賴特，反改革（ 1982年） 。
The Counter-Reformation was the label for the Roman Catholic revival of the sixteenth century. It emphasizes that the reaction to the Protestant challenge was the dominant theme of contemporary Catholicism.反改革的標籤，羅馬天主教復興的16世紀。它強調的反應新教的挑戰是佔主導地位的主題當代天主教。 The movement is also labeled the Catholic Reformation and the Catholic renaissance, since elements of Catholic reform and revival predated the Protestant Reformation and were, like Protestantism, a response to the widespread aspiration for religious regeneration pervading late fifteenth century Europe.該運動還標示天主教改革和天主教的復興，因為內容的天主教改革和振興早在新教改革和人一樣，基督教，反應普遍願望宗教再生普遍十五世紀後期歐洲。 It is now better understood that the two reformations, Protestant and Catholic, though believing themselves to be in opposition, had many similarities and drew on a common past: the revival of preaching exemplified in the great pre - Reformation preachers like Jan Hus, Bernardino of Siena, and Savonarola; the Christ - centered, practical mysticism of the Devotio Moderna; the movement for ecclesistical reform headed by Cardinal Ximenez de Cisneros in Spain but also well represented by reforming bishops in France and Germany.現在是更好地理解這兩個重建，新教和天主教，但相信自己是在反對，有許多相似之處，並提請一個共同的過去：恢復說教體現的偉大前-改革傳教士像揚胡斯，貝納迪諾的錫耶納，和薩沃納羅拉;基督-為本，切實神秘的D evotio現代的運動e cclesistical改革樞機主教為首的西斯內羅斯一希梅內斯在西班牙，而且充分體現改革的主教在法國和德國。
The Counter - Reformation is sometimes described as a Spanish movement.反-改革是有時被稱為西班牙的一個運動。 Over three thousand mystical works are known to have been written in sixteenth century Spain, suggesting that mysticism was a popular movement.在神秘的3000工程是眾所周知的已經寫的16世紀西班牙，這意味著神秘主義是一種流行的運動。 But the dominant Spanish mystics were three aristocrats: Teresa of Avila (1515 - 82), John of the Cross (1542 - 91), and Ignatius of Loyola (1491 - 1556). Two of the three great instruments of the Counter - Reformation stemmed from Spain, namely the Society of Jesus and the Inquisition. The third was the Council of Trent, which was finally convened in 1545 after constant pressure from the Emperor Charles V, grandson of Spain's great reforming monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella.但佔主導地位的西班牙神秘主義有三個貴族：修女的阿維拉（ 1515年至1582年） ，約翰的十字架（ 1542年至1591年） ，並依納爵羅耀拉（ 1491年至1556年） 。 兩三個偉大的文書反-改革源於來自西班牙，即耶穌會和宗教裁判所。第三，安理會的遄達，最後在1545年召開的不斷施加壓力後，從皇帝查爾斯五世的孫子西班牙的偉大君主改革，費迪南德和伊莎貝拉。
The Society of Jesus (Jesuits), incorporated in 1540, was the most remarkable of the new orders of reformed priests (clerks regular) who lived among the faithful rather than withdrawing into monasteries.該協會的耶穌（耶穌） ，納入1540號決議，是最顯著的新訂單的改革司鐸（辦事員常）誰住的忠實，而不是撤回到寺廟。 Other orders included the Theatines (1524), Somaschi (1532), and Barnabites (1534).其他命令包括Theatines （ 1524 ） ， Somaschi （ 1532 ） ，以及Barnabites （ 1534 ） 。 The founder of the Jesuits, Ignatius of Loyola, sought to prepare his followers for a life of triumphal service and heroic self - sacrifice through his Spiritual Exercises, a series of practical meditations.的創始人耶穌，依納爵羅耀拉，準備尋求他的追隨者的生活服務和凱旋的英雄自我-通過他的犧牲精神練習，一系列切實可行的沉思。 The Jesuits ministered to the poor, educated boys, and evangelized the heathen. ministered耶穌的窮人，受過良好教育的男孩， evangelized的異教徒。 Francis Xavier (1506 - 52) a Spanish Jesuit, traveled to Goa, South India, Ceylon, Malaya, and Japan on his amazing missionary journeys.弗朗西斯澤維爾（ 1506至1552年）西班牙的耶穌，來到果阿，印度南部，錫蘭，馬來西亞，日本對他的驚人的宣教旅程。 When Ignatius died, the society had around 1,000 members administering 100 foundations.當伊格內修死亡，社會成員約1000管理100基礎。 A century later there were over 15,000 Jesuits and 550 foundations, testifying to the sustained vitality of the Counter - Reformation.一個世紀後有超過15000耶穌和550基金會，作證的持續生命力的反-改革。
The Roman Inquisition was established in 1542 by Pope Paul III to suppress Lutheranism in Italy.羅馬宗教裁判所成立於1542年由教皇保羅三世鎮壓路德教在意大利。 Cardinal Caraffa, its Inquisitor General, later Pope Paul IV (1555 - 59), directed that heretics in high places should be dealt with most severely, "for on their punishment, the salvation of the classes beneath them depends." The Roman Inquisition reached its peak during the pontificate of the saintly zealot Pius V (1566 - 72), systematically extirpating Italian Protestants and securing Italy as a base for a counteroffensive on the Protestant north.紅衣主教Caraffa ，其審判官一般，後來教皇保羅四（ 1555年至1559年） ，指示，異教徒在高的地方應處理最嚴重， “對他們的處罰，拯救班底下取決於他們。 ”羅馬宗教裁判所達成高峰期間，教皇的聖潔的狂熱皮烏斯五（ 1566年至1572年） ，意大利有系統地根除，確保新教徒意大利為基地，反攻的新教的北部。
The corrupt hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church was dramatically reformed in the wake of the Council of Trent.腐敗層次的羅馬天主教會急劇改革後的安理會的遄達。 Dioceses mushroomed in areas where there was felt to be a particular Protestant threat. Bishops carried out frequent visitations of their dioceses and established seminaries for the training of clergy.教區雨後春筍般出現的地區，被認為是一個特定的新教的威脅。主教進行了頻繁的visitations他們的教區，並設立神學院，培訓神職人員。 The number of church buildings and clergy increased markedly.人數建築物和教堂神職人員顯著增加。 The most vigorous of the reforming popes, Sixtus V (1585 - 90), established fifteen "congregations" or commissions to prepare papal pronouncements and strategy.最有力的改革教皇，西斯五（ 1585年至1590年） ，設立15個“教會”或佣金準備教宗的聲明和戰略。 Some Protestant gains were reversed under the direction of such theologians as Robert Bellarmine (1542 - 1621) and Peter Canisius (1521 - 97).一些新教扭轉漲勢的指導下，例如神學家羅伯特貝拉明（ 1542年至1621年）和彼得西斯（ 1521年至1597年） 。 The Counter - Reformation in general, and the Council of Trent in particular, strengthened the position of the pope and the forces of clericalism and authoritarianism.反-改革一般而言，安理會的遄達尤其是加強的立場，教皇的力量教權主義和專制主義。 The genuinely spiritual foundations of these developments should not be denied.在真正的精神基礎這些事態發展不應當否認。
FS
Piggin財政司司長Piggin
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary)
（規矩福音字典）
Bibliography
目錄
H Daniel - Rops,
The Catholic Reformation; J Delumeau, Catholicism Between Luther and Voltaire;
AG Dickens, The Counter - Reformation; P Dudon, St. Ignatius of Loyola; HO
Evennett, The Spirit of the Counter - Reformation; BJ Kidd, The Counter -
Reformation, 1550 - 1600; The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius, tr.
H丹尼爾-翻車，天主教改革; J D elumeau，天主教與路德和伏爾泰;公司狄更斯，反-改革;P D u
don，聖依納爵羅耀拉;何尼特，本著反-改革;北京基德，該反-改革， 1 550至1 600年;的精神鍛煉的聖伊格內修，文。 A Mottola; MR O'Connell, The Counter -
Reformation 1559 - 1610.阿莫托拉;議員奧康內爾，反-改革1 559年至1 610年。
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