De Trinitate, Treatise of Novatian Concerning the Trinity
|
Advanced Information
Translated by the Rev. Robert Ernest Wallis.
Text edited by Rev. Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson and
first published by T&T Clark in Edinburgh in 1867. Additional
introductionary material and notes provided for the American
edition by A. Cleveland Coxe, 1886.
Preface.
Novatian's treatise concerning the Trinity is divided into thirty-one
Chapters. He first of all, from Chapter first to the eighth, considers those
words of the Rule of Truth or Faith, [4957] which bid us believe on God the
Father and Lord Almighty, the absolutely perfect Creator of all things.
Wherein among the other divine attributes he moreover ascribes to Him,
partly from reason and partly from the Holy Scriptures, immensity, eternity,
unity, goodness, immutability, immortality, spirituality; and adds that
neither passions nor members can be attributed to God, and that these things
are only asserted of God in Scripture anthropopathically. [4958]
Chapter I. Argument. Novatian, with the View of Treating of the Trinity,
Sets Forth from the Rule of Faith that We Should First of All Believe in God
the Father and Lord Omnipotent, the Absolute Founder of All Things. The
Works of Creation are Beautifully Described. Man's Free-Will is Asserted;
God's Mercy in Inflicting Penalty on Man is Shown; The Condition After Death
of the Souls of the Righteous and Unrighteous is Determined.
|
|
The Rule of truth requires that we should first of all things believe on God
the Father and Lord n Omnipotent; that is, the absolutely perfect Founder of
all things, who has suspended the heavens in lofty sublimity, has
established the earth with its lower mass, has diffused the seas with their
fluent moisture, and has distributed all these things, both adorned and
supplied with their appropriate and fitting instruments. For in the solid
vault of heaven He has both awakened the light-bringing Sunrisings; He has
filled up the white globe of the moon in its monthly [4959] waxings as a
solace for the night; He, moreover, kindles the starry rays with the varied
splendours of glistening light; and He has willed all these things in their
legitimate tracks to circle the entire compass of the world, so as to cause
days, months, years, signs, and seasons, and benefits of other kinds for the
human race. On the earth, moreover, He has lifted up the loftiest mountains
to a peak, He has thrown down valleys into the depths, He has smoothly
levelled the plains, He has ordained the animal herds usefully for the
various services of men. He has also established the oak trees of the woods
for the future benefit of human uses. He has developed the harvests into
food. He has unlocked the mouths of the springs, and has poured them into
the flowing rivers. And after these things, lest He should not also provide
for the very delights of the eyes, He has clothed all things with the
various colours of the flowers for the pleasure of the beholders. Even in
the sea itself, moreover, although it was in itself marvellous both for its
extent and its utility, He has made manifold creatures, sometimes of
moderate, sometimes of vast bodily size, testifying by the variety of His
appointment to the intelligence of the Artificer. And, not content with
these things, lest perchance the roaring and rushing waters should seize
upon a foreign element at the expense of its human possessor, He has
enclosed its limits with shores; [4960] so that when the raving billow and
the foaming water should come from its deep bosom, it should return again
unto itself, and not transgress its concealed bounds, but keep its
prescribed laws, so that man might the rather be careful to observe the
divine laws, even as the elements themselves observed them. And after these
things He also placed man at the head of the world, arid man, too, made in
the image of God, to whom He imparted mind, and reason, and foresight, that
he might imitate God; and although the first elements of his body were
earthly, yet the substance was inspired by a heavenly and divine breathing.
And when He had given him all things for his service, He willed that he
alone should be free. And lest, again, an unbounded freedom should fall into
peril, He laid down a command, in which man was taught that there was no
evil in the fruit of the tree; but he was forewarned that evil would arise
if perchance he should exercise his free will, in the contempt of the law
that was given. For, on the one hand, it had behoved him to be free, lest
the image of God should, unfittingly be in bondage; and on the other, the
law was to be added, so that an unbridled liberty might not break forth even
to a contempt of the Giver. So that he might receive as a consequence both
worthy rewards and a deserved punishment, having in his own power that which
he might choose to do, by the tendency of his mind in either direction:
whence, therefore, by envy, mortality comes back upon him; seeing that,
although he might escape it by obedience, he rushes into it by hurrying to
be God under the influence of perverse counsel. Still, nevertheless, God
indulgently tempered his punishment by cursing, not so much himself, as his
labours upon earth. And, moreover, what is required does not come without
man's knowledge; but He shows forth man's hope of future discovery [4961]
and salvation in Christ. And that he is prevented from touching of the wood
of the tree of life, is not caused by the malignant poison of envy, but
lest, living for ever without Christ's previous pardon of his sins, he
should always bear about with him for his punishment an immortality of
guilt. Nevertheless also, in higher regions; that is, above even the
firmament itself, regions which are not now discernible by our eyes, He
previously ordained angels, he arranged spiritual powers, He put in command
thrones and powers, and founded many other infinite spaces of heavens, and
unbounded works of His mysteries; so that this world, immense as it is,
might almost appear rather as the Latest, than the only work of corporeal
things. And truly, [4962] what lies beneath the earth is not itself void of
distributed and arranged powers. For there is a place whither the souls of
the just and the unjust are taken, conscious of the anticipated dooms of
fixture judgment; so that we might behold the overflowing greatness of
God's works in all directions, not shut up within the bosom of this world,
however capacious as we have said, but might also be able to conceive of
them beneath both the abysses and the depths I of the world itself. And thus
considering the greatness of the works, we should worthily admire the
Artificer of such a structure.
Chapter II. Argument. God is Above All, Things, Himself Containing All
Things, Immense, Eternal, Transcending the Mind of Man; Inexplicable in
Discourse, Loftier Than All Sublimity.
And over all these things He Himself, containing all things, having nothing
vacant beyond Himself, has left room for no superior God, such as some
people conceive. Since, indeed, He Himself has included all things in the
bosom of perfect greatness and power, He is always intent upon His own work,
and pervading all things, and moving all things, and quickening all things,
and beholding all things, and so linking together discordant materials into
the concord of all elements, that out of these unlike principles one world
is so established by a conspiring union, that it can by no force be
dissolved, save when He alone who made it commands it to be dissolved, for
the purpose of bestowing other and greater things upon us. For we read that
He contains all things, and therefore that there could have been nothing
beyond Himself. Because, since He has not any beginning, so consequently He
is not conscious of an ending; unless perchance and far from us be the
thought He at some time began to be, and is not above all things, but as He
began to be after something else, He would be beneath that which was before
Himself, and would so be found to be of less power, in that He is designated
as subsequent even in time itself. For this reason, therefore, He is always
unbounded, because nothing is greater than He; always eternal, because
nothing is more ancient than He. For that which is without beginning can be
preceded by none, in that He has no time. He is on that account immortal,
that He does not come to an end by any ending of His completeness. And since
everything that is without beginning is without law, He excludes the mode of
time by feeling Himself debtor to none. Concerning Him, therefore, and
concerning those things which are of Himself, and are in Him, neither can
the mind of man worthily conceive what they are, how great they are, and
what they are like; nor does the eloquence of human discourse set forth a
power that approaches the level of His majesty. For to conceive and to speak
of His majesty, as well all eloquence is with reason mute, as all mind poor.
For He is greater than mind itself; nor can it be conceived how great He is,
seeing that, if He could be conceived, He would be smaller than the human
mind wherein He could be conceived. He is greater, moreover, than all
discourse, nor can He be declared; for if He could be declared, He would be
less than human discourse, whereby being declared, He can both be
encompassed and contained. For whatever could be thought concerning Him must
be less than Himself; and whatever could be declared must be less than He,
when compared in respect of Himself. Moreover, we can in some degree be
conscious of Him in silence, but we cannot in discourse unfold Him as He is.
For should you call Him Light, you would be speaking of His creature rather
than of Himself you would not declare Him; or should you call Him Strength,
you would rather be speaking of and bringing out His power than speaking of
Himself; or should you call Him Majesty, you would rather be describing His
honour than Himself. And why should I make a long business of going through
His attributes one by one? I will at once unfold the whole. Whatever in any
respect you might declare of Him, you would rather be unfolding some
condition and power of His than Himself. For what can you fittingly either
say or think concerning Him who is greater than all discourses and thoughts?
Except that in one manner and how can we do this? how can we by possibility
conceive how we may grasp these very things? we shall mentally grasp what
God is, if we shall consider that He is that which cannot be understood
either in quality or quantity, nor, indeed, can come even into the thought
itself. For if the keenness of our eyes grows dull on looking at the sun, so
that the gaze, overcome by the brightness of the rays that meet it, cannot
look upon the orb itself, the keenness of our mental perception suffers the
same thing in all our thinking about God, and in proportion as we give our
endeavours more directly to consider God, so much the more the mind itself
is blinded by the light of its own thought. For to repeat once more what can
you worthily say of Him, who is loftier than all sublimity, and higher than
all height, and deeper than all depth, and clearer than all light, and
brighter than all brightness, more brilliant than all splendour, stronger
than all strength, more powerful [4963] than all power, and more mighty than
all might, and greater than all majesty, and more potent than all potency,
and richer than all riches, more wise than all wisdom, and more benignant
than all kindness, better than all goodness, juster than all justice, more
merciful than all clemency? For all kinds of virtues must needs be less than
Himself, who is both. God and Parent of all virtues, so that it may truly be
said that God is that, which is such that nothing can be compared to Him.
For He is above all that can be said. For He is a certain Mind generating
and filling all things, which, without any beginning or end of time,
controls, by the highest and most perfect reason, the naturally linked
causes of things, so as to result in benefit to all.
Chapter III. Argument. That God is the Founder of All Things, Their Lord and
Parent, is Proved from the Holy Scriptures.
Him, then, we acknowledge and know to be God, the Creator of all things Lord
on account of His power, Parent on account of His discipline Him, I say, who
"spake, and all things were made; " [4964] He commanded, and all things went
forth: of whom it is written, "Thou hast made all things in wisdom; " [4965]
of whom Moses said, "God in heaven above, and in the earth beneath; "
[4966] who, according to Isaiah, "hath meted out the heaven with a span, the
earth with the hollow of His hand; " [4967] "who looketh on the earth, and
maketh it tremble; whoboundeth the circle of the earth, and those that dwell
in it like locusts; who hath weighed the mountains in a balance, and the
groves in scales," [4968] that is, by the sure test of divine arrangement;
easily fall into ruins if it were not balanced with equal weights, He has
poised this burden of the earthly mass with equity. Who says by the prophet,
"I am God, and there is none beside me" [4969] Who says by the same
prophet "Because I will not give my majesty to another," [4970] that He
may exclude all heathens and heretics with their figments; proving that that
is not God who is made by the hand of the workman, nor that which is feigned
by the intellect of a heretic. For he is not God for whose existence the
workman must be asked. And He has added hereto by the prophet, "The heaven
is my throne, and the earth is my footstool: what house will ye build me,
and where is the place of my rest? " [4971] that He may show that He whom
the world does not contain is much less contained in a temple; and He says
these things not for boastfulness of Himself, but for our knowledge. For He
does not desire from us the glory of His magnitude; but He wishes to confer
upon us, even as a father, a religious wisdom. And He, wishing moreover to
attract to gentleness our minds, brutish, and swelling, and stubborn with
cloddish ferocity, says, "And upon whom shall my Spirit rest, save upon him
that is lowly, and quiet, and that trembleth at my words? " [4972] so
that in some degree one may recognise how great God is, in learning to fear
Him by the Spirit given to him: Who, similarly wishing still more to come
into our knowledge, and, by way of stirring up our minds to His worship,
said, "I am the Lord, who made the light and created the darkness; "
[4973] that we might deem not that some Nature, what I know not, was the
artificer of those vicissitudes whereby nights and days are controlled, but
might rather, as is more true, recognise God as their Creator. And since by
the gaze of our eyes we cannot see Him, we rightly learn of Him from the
greatness, and the power, and the majesty of His works. "For the invisible
things of Him," says the Apostle Paul," from the creation of the world, are
clearly seen, being understood by those things which are made, even His
eternal power and godhead; " [4974] so that the human mind, learning
hidden things from those that are manifest, from the greatness of the works
which it should behold, might with the eyes of the mind consider the
greatness of the Architect. Of whom the same apostle, "Now unto the King
eternal, immortal, invisible, the only God, be honour and glory." [4975]
For He has gone beyond the contemplation of the eyes who has surpassed the
greatness of thought. "For," it is said," of Him, and through Him, and in
Him are all things." [4976] For all things are by His command, because
they are of Him; and are ordered by His word as being through Him; and all
things return to His judgment; as in Him expecting liberty when corruption
shall be done away, they appear to be recalled to Him.
Chapter IV. Argument. Moreover, He is Good, Always the Same, Immutable, One
and Only, Infinite; And His Own Name Can Never Be Declared, and He is
Incorruptible and Immortal.
Him alone the Lord rightly declares good, of whose goodness the whole world
is witness; which world He would not have ordained if He had not been good.
For if "everything was very good," [4977] consequently, and reasonably,
both those things which were ordained have proved that He that ordained them
is good, and those things which are the work of a good Ordainer cannot be
other than good; wherefore every evil is a departure from God. For it cannot
happen that He should be the originator or architect of any evil work, who
claims to Himself the name of "the Perfect," both Parent and Judge,
especially when He is the avenger and judge of every evil work; because,
moreover, evil does not occur to man from any other cause than by his
departure from the good God. Moreover, this very thing is specified in man,
not because it was necessary, but because he himself so willed it. Whence it
manifestly appeared also what was evil; and lest there should seem to be
envy in God, it was evident whence evil had arisen. He, then, is always like
to Himself; nor does He ever turn or change Himself into any forms, lest by
change He should appear to be mortal. For the change implied in turning from
one thing to another is comprehended as a portion of a certain death. Thus
there is never in Him any accession or increase of any part or honour, lest
anything should appear to have ever been wanting to His perfection, nor is
any loss sustained in Him, lest a degree of mortality should appear to have
been suffered by Him. But what He is, He always is; and who He is, He is
always Himself; and what character He has, He always has. [4978] For
increasing argues beginning, as well as losses prove death and perishing.
And therefore He says, "I am God, I change not; " [4979] in that, what is
not born cannot suffer change, holding His condition always. For whatever it
be in Him which constitutes Divinity, must necessarily exist always,
maintaining itself by its own powers, so that He should always be God. And
thus He says, "I am that I am." [4980] For what He is has this name,
because it always maintains the same quality of Himself. For change takes
away the force of that name "That I Am; "for whatever, at any time, is
changed, is shown to be mortal in that very particular which is changed. For
it ceases to be that which it had been, and consequently begins to be what
it was not; and therefore, reasonably, there remains always in God His
position, in that without any loss arising from change, He is always like
and equal to Himself. And what is not born cannot be changed: for only those
things undergo change which are made, or which are begotten; in that those
things which bad not been at one time, learn to be by coming into being, and
therefore to suffer change by being born. Moreover, those things which
neither have nativity nor maker, have excluded from themselves the capacity
of change, not having a beginning wherein is cause of change. And thus He is
declared to be one, having no equal. For whatever can be God, must as God be
of necessity the Highest. But whatever is the Highest, must certainly be the
Highest in such sense as to be without any equal. And thus that must needs
be alone and one on which nothing can be conferred, having no peer; because
there cannot be two infinites, as the very nature of things dictates. And
that is infinite which neither has any sort of beginning nor end. For
whatever has occupied the whole excludes the beginning of another. Because
if He does not contain all which is, whatever it is seeing that what is
found in that whereby it is contained is found to be less than that whereby
it is contained He will cease to be God; being reduced into the power of
another, in whose greatness He, being smaller, shall have been included. And
therefore what contained Him would then rather claim to be God. Whence it
results that God's own name also cannot be declared, because He cannot be
conceived. For that is contained in a name which is, in any way,
comprehended from the condition of His nature. For the name is the
signification of that thing which could be comprehended from a name. But
when that which is treated of is such that it cannot be worthily gathered
into one form by the very understanding itself, how shall it be set forth
fittingly in the one word of an appellation, seeing that as it is beyond the
intellect, it must also of necessity be above the significancy of the
appellation? As with reason when He applies and prefers from certain reasons
and occasions His name of God, we know that it is not so much the legitimate
propriety of the appellation that is set forth, as a certain significancy
determined for it, to which, while men betake themselves, they seem to be
able thereby to obtain God's mercy. He is therefore also both immortal and
incorruptible, neither conscious of any kind of loss nor ending. For because
He is incorruptible, He is therefore immortal; and because He is immortal,
He is certainly also incorruptible, each being involved by turns in the
other, with itself and in itself, by a mutual connection, and prolonged by a
vicarious concatenation to the condition of eternity; immortality arising
from incorruption, as well as incorruption coming from immortality.
Chapter V. Argument. If We Regard the Anger, and Indignation, and Hatred of
God Described in the Sacred Pages, We Must Remember that They are Not to Be
Understood as Bearing the Character of Human Vices.
Moreover, if we read of His wrath, and consider certain descriptions of His
indignation, and learn that hatred is asserted of Him, yet we are not to
understand these to be asserted of Him in the sense in which they are human
vices. For all these things, although they may corrupt man, cannot at all
corrupt the divine power. For such passions as these will rightly be said to
be in men, and will not rightly be judged to be in God. For man may be
corrupted by these things, because he can be corrupted; God may not be
corrupted by them, because He cannot be corrupted. These things, forsooth,
have their force which they may exercise, but only where a material capable
of impression precedes them, not where a substance that cannot be impressed
precedes them. For that God is angry, arises from no vice in Him. But He is
so for our advantage; for He is merciful even then when He threatens,
because by these threats men are recalled to rectitude. For fear is
necessary for those who want the motive to a virtuous life, that they who
have forsaken reason may at least be moved by terror. And thus all those,
either angers of God or hatreds, or whatever they are of this kind, being
displayed for our medicine, as the case teaches, have arisen of wisdom, not
from vice, nor do they originate from frailty; wherefore also they cannot
avail for the corruption of God. For the diversity in us of the materials of
which we consist, is accustomed to arouse the discord of anger which
corrupts us; but this, whether of nature or of defect, cannot subsist in
God, seeing that He is known to be constructed assuredly of no associations
of bodily parts. For He is simple and without any corporeal commixture,
being wholly of that essence, which, whatever it be, He alone
knows, constitutes His being, since He is called Spirit. And thus those
things which in men are faulty and corrupting, since they arise from the
corruptibility of the body, and matter itself, in God cannot exert the force
of corruptibility, since, as we have said, they have come, not of vice, but
of reason.
Chapter VI. Argument. And That, Although Scripture Often Changes the Divine
Appearance into a Human Form, Yet the Measure of the Divine Majesty is Not
Included Within These Lineaments of Our Bodily Nature.
And although the heavenly Scripture often turns the divine appearance into a
human form, as when it says, "The eyes of the Lord are over the righteous;
" [4981] or when it says, "The Lord God smelled the smell of a good
savour; " [4982] or when there are given to Moses the tables "written with
the finger of God; " [4983] or when the people of the children of Israel
are set free from the land of Egypt "with a mighty hand and with a stretched
out arm; " [4984] or when it says, "The mouth of the Lord hath spoken
these things; " [4985] or when the earth is set forth as "God's footstool;
" [4986] or when it says, "Incline thine ear, and hear," [4987] we who
say that the law is spiritual do not include within these lineaments of our
bodily nature any mode or figure of the divine majesty, but diffuse that
character of unbounded magnitude (so to speak) over its plains without any
limit. For it is written, "If I shall ascend into heaven, Thou art there; if
I shall descend into hell, Thou art there also; and if I shall take my
wings, and go away across the sea, there Thy hand shall lay hold of me, and
Thy right hand shall hold me." [4988] For we recognise the plan of the
divine Scripture according to the proportion of its arrangement. For the
prophet then was still speaking about God in parables according to the
period of the faith, not as God was, but as the people were able to receive
Him. And thus, that such things as these should be said about God, must be
imputed not to God, but rather to the people. Thus the people are permitted
to erect a tabernacle, and yet God is not contained within the enclosure of
a tabernacle. Thus a temple is reared, and yet God is not at all bounded
within the restraints of a temple. It is not therefore God who is limited,
but the perception of the people is limited; nor is God straitened, but the
understanding of the reason of the people is held to be straitened. Finally,
in the Gospel the Lord said, "The hour shall come when neither in this
mountain nor in Jerusalem shall ye worship the Father; " [4989] and gave
the reasons, saying, "God is a Spirit; and those therefore who worship, must
worship in spirit and in truth." [4990] Thus the divine agencies are
there [4991] exhibited by means of members; it is not the appearance of
God nor the bodily lineaments that are described. For when the eyes are
spoken of, it is implied that He sees all things; and when the ear, it is
set forth that He hears all things; and when the finger, a certain energy of
His will is opened up; and when the nostrils, His recognition of prayers is
shown forth as of odours; and when the hand, it is proved that He is the
author of every creature; and when the arm, it is announced that no nature
can withstand the power of His arm; and when the feet it is unfolded that He
fills all things, and that there is not any place where God is not. For
neither members nor the offices of members are needful to Him to whose sole
judgment, even unexpressed, all things serve and are present. For why should
He require eyes who is Himself the light? or why should He ask for feet who
is everywhere? or why should He wish to go when there is nowhere where He
can go beyond Himself? or why should He seek for hands whose will is, even
when silent, the architect for the foundation of all things? He needs no
ears who knows the wills that are even unexpressed; or for what reason
should He need a tongue whose thought is a command? These members assuredly
were necessary to men, but not to God, because man's design would be
ineffectual if the body did not fulfil the thought. Moreover, they are not
needful to God, whose will the works attend not so much without any effort,
as that the works themselves proceed simultaneously with the will. Moreover,
He Himself is all eye, because He all sees; and all ear, because He all
hears; and all hand, because He all works; and all foot, because He all is
everywhere. For He is the same, whatever it is. He is all equal, and all
everywhere. For He has not in Him any diversity in Himself, being simple.
For those are the things which are reduced to diversity of members, which
arise from birth and go to dissolution. But things which are not concrete
cannot be conscious of these things. [4992] And what is immortal, whatever
it is, that very thing is one and simple, and for ever. And thus because it
is one it cannot be dissolved; since whatever is that very thing which is
placed beyond the claim of dissolution, it is freed from the laws of death.
Chapter VII. Argument. Moreover, that When God is Called a Spirit,
Brightness, and Light, God is Not Sufficiently Expressed by Those
Appellations.
But when the Lord says that God is a Spirit, I think that Christ spoke thus
of the Father, as wishing that something still more should be understood
than merely that God is a Spirit. For although, in His Gospel, He is
reasoning for the purpose of giving to men an increase of intelligence,
nevertheless He Himself speaks to men concerning God, in such a way as they
can as yet hear and receive; although, as we have said, He is now
endeavouring to give to His hearers religious additions to their knowledge
of God. For we find it to be written that God is called Love, and yet from
this the substance of God is not declared to be Love; and that He is called
Light, while in this is not the substance of God. But the whole that is thus
said of God is as much as can be said, so that reasonably also, when He is
called a Spirit, it is not all that He is which is so called; but so that,
while men's mind by understanding makes progress even to the Spirit itself,
being already changed in spirit, it may conjecture God to be something even
greater through the Spirit. For that which is, according to what it is, can
neither be declared by human discourse, nor received by human ears, nor
gathered by human perceptions. For if "the things which God hath prepared
for them that love Him, neither eye hath seen, nor ear hath heard, nor the
heart of man, nor even his mind has perceived; " [4993] what and how great
is He Himself who promises these things, in understanding which both the
mind and nature of man have failed! Finally, if you receive the Spirit as
the substance of God, you will make God a creature. For every spirit is a
creature. And therefore, then, God will be made. In which manner also, if,
according to Moses, you should receive God to be fire, in saying that He is
a creature, you will have declared what is ordained, you will not have
taught who is its ordainer. But these things are rather used as figures than
as being so in fact. For as, in the Old Testament, [4994] God is for this
reason called Fire, that fear may be struck into the hearts of a sinful
people, by suggesting to them a Judge; so in the New Testament He is
announced as Spirit, that, as the Renewer and Creator of those who are dead
in their sins, He may be attested by this goodness of mercy granted to those
that believe.
Chapter VIII. Argument. It is This God, Therefore, that the Church Has Known
and Adores; And to Him the Testimony of Things as Well Visible as Invisible
is Given Both at All Times and in All Forms, by the Nature Which His
Providence Rules and Governs.
This God, then, setting aside the fables and figments of heretics, the
Church knows and worships, to whom the universal and entire nature of things
as well visible as invisible gives witness; whom angels adore, stars wonder
at, seas bless, lands revere, and all things under the earth look up to;
whom the whole mind of man is conscious of, even if it does not express
itself; at whose command all things are set in motion, springs gush forth,
rivers flow, waves arise, all creatures bring forth their young, winds arc
compelled to blow, showers descend, seas arc stirred up, all things
everywhere diffuse their fruitfulness. Who ordained, peculiar to the
protoplasts of eternal life, a certain beautiful paradise in the east; He
planted the tree of life, and similarly placed near it another tree of the
knowledge of good and evil, gave a command, and decreed a judgment against
sin; He preserved the most righteous Nöe from the perils of the deluge, for
the merit of His innocence and faith; He translated Enoch: He elected
Abraham into the society of his friendship; He protected Isaac: He increased
Jacob; He gave Moses for a leader unto the people; He delivered the groaning
children of Israel from the yoke of slavery; He wrote the law; He brought
the offspring of our fathers into the land of promise; He instructed the
prophets by His Spirit, and by all of them He promised His Son Christ; and
at the time at which He had covenanted that He would give Him, He sent Him,
and through Him He desired to come into our knowledge, and shed forth upon
us the liberal stores of His mercy, by conferring His abundant Spirit on the
poor and abject. And, because He of His own free-will is both liberal and
kind, lest the whole of this globe, being turned away from the streams of
His grace, should wither, He willed the apostles, as founders of our family,
to be sent by His Son into the whole world, that the condition of the human
race might be conscious of its Founder; and, if it should choose to follow
Him, might have One whom even in its supplications it might now call Father
instead of God. [4995] And His providence has had or has its course among
men, not only individually, but also among cities themselves, and states
whose destructions have been announced by the words of prophets; yea, even
through the whole world itself; whose end, whose miseries, and wastings, and
sufferings on account of unbelief He has allotted. And lest moreover any one
should think that such an indefatigable providence of God does not reach to
even the very least things, "One of two sparrows," says the Lord, "shall not
fall without the will of the Father; but even the very hairs of your head
are all numbered." [4996] And His care and providence did not permit even
the clothes of the Israelites to be worn out, nor even the vilest shoes on
their feet to be wasted; nor, moreover, finally, the very garments of the
captive young men to be burnt. And this is not without reason; for if He
embraces all things, and contains all things, and all things, and the whole,
consist of individuals, His care will consequently extend even to every
individual thing, since His providence reaches to the whole, whatever it is.
Hence it is that He also sitteth above the Cherubim; that is, He presides
over the variety of His works, the living creatures which hold the control
over the rest being subjected to His throne: [4997] a crystal covering
being thrown over all things; that is, the heaven covering all things, which
at the command of God had been consolidated into a firmament [4998] from
the fluent material of the waters, that the strong hardness that divides the
midst of the waters that covered the earth before, might sustain as if on
its back the weight of the superincumbent water, its strength being
established by the frost. And, moreover, wheels lie below that is to say,
the seasons whereby all the members of the world are always being rolled
onwards; such feet being added by which those things do not stand still for
ever, but pass onward. And, moreover, throughout all their limbs they are
studded with eyes; for the works of God must be contemplated with an ever
watchful inspection: in the heart of which things, a fire of embers is in
the midst, either because this world of ours is hastening to the fiery day
of judgment; or because all the works of God are fiery, and are not
darksome, but flourish. [4999] Or, moreover, lest, because those things
had arisen from earthly beginnings, they should naturally be inactive, from
the rigidity of their origin, the hot nature of an interior spirit was added
to all things; and that this nature concreted with the cold bodies might
minister [5000] for the purpose of life equal measures for all. [5001]
This, therefore, according to David, is God's chariot. "For the chariot of
God," says he, "is multiplied ten thousand times; " [5002] that is, it is
innumerable, infinite, immense. For, under the yoke of the natural law given
to all things, some things are restrained, as if withheld by reins; others,
as if stimulated, are urged on with relaxed reins. For the world, [5003]
which is that chariot of God with all things, both the angels themselves and
the stars guide; and their movements, although various, yet bound by certain
laws, we watch them guiding by the bounds of a time prescribed to
themselves; so that rightly we also are now disposed to exclaim with the
apostle, as he admires both the Architect and His works: "Oh the depth of
the riches of the wisdom and knowledge of God! how inscrutable are His
judgments, and His ways past finding out!" And the rest. [5004]
Chapter IX. Argument. Further, that the Same Rule of Truth Teaches Us to
Believe, After the Father, Also in the Son of God, Jesus Christ Our Lord
God, Being the Same that Was Promised in the Old Testament, and Manifested
in the New.
The same rule of truth teaches us to believe, after the Father, also on the
Son of God, Christ Jesus, the Lord our God, but the Son of God of that God
who is both one and alone, to wit the Founder of all things, as already has
been expressed above. For this Jesus Christ, I will once more say, the Son
of this God, we read of as having been promised in the Old Testament, and we
observe to be manifested in the New, fulfilling the shadows and figures of
all the sacraments, with the presence of the truth embodied. For as well the
ancient prophecies as the Gospels testify Him to be the son of Abraham and
the son of David. Genesis itself anticipates Him, when it says: "To thee
will I give it, and to thy seed." [5005] He is spoken of when it shows how
a man wrestled with Jacob; He too, when it says: "There shall not fail a
prince from Judah, nor a leader from between his thighs, until He shall come
to whom it has been promised; and He shall be the expectation of the
nations." [5006] He is spoken of by Moses when he says: "Provide another
whom thou mayest send." [5007] He is again spoken of by the same, when he
testifies, saying: "A Prophet will God raise up to you from your brethren;
listen to Him as if to me." [5008] It is He, too, that he speaks of when
he says: "Ye shall see your life hanging in doubt night and day, and ye
shall not believe Him." [5009] Him, too, Isaiah alludes to: "There shall
go forth a rod from the root of Jesse, and a flower shall grow up from his
root." [5010] The same also when he says: "Behold, a virgin shall
conceive, and bear a son." [5011] Him he refers to when he enumerates the
healings that were to proceed from Him, saying: "Then shall the eyes of the
blind be opened, and the ears of the deaf shall hear: then shall the lame
man leap as an hart, and the tongue of the dumb shall be eloquent." [5012]
Him also, when he sets forth the virtue of patience, saying: "His voice
shall not be heard in the streets; a bruised reed shall He not destroy, and
the smoking flax shall He not quench." [5013] Him, too, when he described
His Gospel: "And I will ordain for you an everlasting covenant, even the
sure mercies of David." [5014] Him, too, when he foretells that the
nations should believe on Him: "Behold, I have given Him for a Chief and a
Commander to the nations. Nations that knew not Thee shall call upon Thee,
and peoples that knew Thee not shall flee unto Thee." [5015] It is the
same that he refers to when, concerning His passion, he exclaims, saying:
"As a sheep He is led to the slaughter; and as a lamb before his shearer is
dumb, so He opened not His mouth in His humility." [5016] Him, moreover,
when he described the blows and stripes of His scourgings: "By His bruises
we were healed." [5017] Or His humiliation: "And we saw Him, and He had
neither form nor comeliness, a man in suffering, and who knoweth how to bear
infirmity." [5018] Or that the people would not believe on Him: "All day
long I have spread out my hands unto a people that believeth not." [5019]
Or that He would rise again from the dead: "And in that day there shall be a
root of Jesse, and one who shall rise to reign over the nations; on Him
shall the nations hope, and His rest shall be honour." [5020] Or when he
speaks of the time of the resurrection: "We shall find Him, as it were,
prepared in the morning." [5021] Or that He should sit at the right hand
of the Father: "The Lord said unto my Lord, Sit Thou at my right hand, until
I shall place Thine enemies as the stool of Thy feet." [5022] Or when He
is set forth as possessor of all things: "Ask of me, and I will give Thee
the heathen for Thine inheritance, and the boundaries of the earth for Thy
possession." [5023] Or when He is shown as Judge of all: "O God, give the
King Thy judgment, and Thy righteousness to the King's Son." [5024] And I
shall not in this place pursue the subject further: the things which are
announced of Christ are known to all heretics, but are even better known to
those who hold the truth.
Chapter X. Argument. That Jesus Christ is the Son of God and Truly Man, as
Opposed to the Fancies of Heretics, Who Deny that He Took Upon Him True
Flesh.
But of this I remind you, that Christ was not to be expected in the Gospel
in any other wise than as He was promised before by the Creator, in the
Scriptures of the Old Testament; especially as the things that were
predicted of Him were fulfilled, and those things that were fulfilled had
been predicted. As with reason I might truly and constantly say to that
fanciful I know not what of those heretics who reject the authority of the
Old Testament, as to a Christ feigned and coloured up from old wives
fables: "Who art thou? Whence art thou? By whom art thou sent? Wherefore
hast thou now chosen to come? Why such as thou art? Or how hast thou been
able to come? Or wherefore hast thou not gone to thine own, except that thou
hast proved that thou hast none of thine own, by coming to those of another?
What hast thou to do with the Creator's world? What hast thou to do with the
Creator's man? What hast thou to do with the image of a body from which thou
takest away the hope of resurrection? Why comest thou to another man s
servant, and desirest thou to solicit another man's son? Why dost thou
strive to take me away from the Lord? Why dost thou compel me to blaspheme,
and to be impious to my Father? Or what shall I gain from thee in the
resurrection, if I do not receive myself when I lose my body? If thou
wishest to save, thou shouldest have made a man to whom to give salvation.
If thou desirest to snatch from sin, thou shouldest have granted to me
previously that I should not fall into sin. But what approbation of law dost
thou carry about with thee? What testimony of the prophetic word hast thou?
Or what substantial good can I promise myself from thee, when I see that
thou hast come in a phantasm and not in a bodily substance? What, then, hast
thou to do with the form of a body, if thou hatest a body? Nay, thou wilt be
refitted as to the hatred of bearing about the substance of a body, since
thou hast been willing even to take up its form. For thou oughtest to have
hated the imitation of a body, if thou hatedst the reality; because, if thou
art something else, thou oughtest to have come as something else, lest thou
shouldest be called the Son of the Creator if thou hadst even the likeness
of flesh and body. Assuredly, if thou hatedst being born because thou
hatedst the Creator's marriage-union, thou oughtest to refuse even the
likeness of a man who is born by the marriage of the Creator. "
Neither, therefore, do we acknowledge that that is a Christ of the heretics
who was as it is said in appearance and not in reality; for of those things
which he did, he could have done nothing real, if he himself was a phantasm,
and not reality. Nor him who wore nothing of our body in himself, seeing "he
received nothing from Mary; "neither did he come to us, since he appeared
"as a vision, not in our substance." Nor do we acknowledge that to be Christ
who chose an ethereal or starry flesh, as some heretics have pretended. Nor
can we perceive any salvation of ours in him, if in him we do not even
recognise the substance of our body; nor, in short, any other who may have
worn any other kind of fabulous body of heretical device. For all such
fables as these are confuted as well by the nativity as by the death itself
of our Lord. For John says: "The Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us;
" [5025] so that, reasonably, our body should be in Him, because indeed
the Word took on Him our flesh. And for this reason blood flowed forth from
His hands and feet, and from His very side, so that He might be proved to be
a sharer in our body by dying according to the laws of our dissolution. And
that He was raised again in the same bodily substance in which He died, is
proved by the wounds of that very body, and thus He showed the laws of our
resurrection in His flesh, in that He restored the same body in His
resurrection which He had from us. For a law of resurrection is established,
in that Christ is raised up in the substance of the body as an example for
the rest; because, when it is written that "flesh and blood do not inherit
the kingdom of God," [5026] it is not the substance of the flesh that is
condemned, which was built up by the divine hands that it should not perish,
but only the guilt of the flesh is rightly rebuked, which by the voluntary
daring of man rebelled against the claims of divine law. Because in baptism
and in the dissolution of death the flesh is raised up and returns to
salvation, by being recalled to the condition of innocency when the
mortality of guilt is put away.
Chapter XI. And Indeed that Christ Was Not Only Man, But God Also; That Even
as He Was the Son of Man, So Also He Was the Son of God.
But lest, from the fact of asserting that our Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of
God, the Creator, was manifested in the substance of the true body, we
should seem either to have given assent to other heretics, who in this place
maintain that He is man only and alone, and therefore desire to prove that
He was a man bare and solitary; and lest we should seem to have afforded
them any ground for objecting, we do not so express doctrine concerning the
substance of His body, as to say that He is only and alone man, but so as to
maintain, by the association of the divinity of the Word in that very
materiality, that He was also God according to the Scriptures. For there is
a great risk of saying that the Saviour of the human race was only man; that
the Lord of all, and the Chief of the world, to whom all things were
delivered, and all things were granted by His Father, by whom all things
were ordained, all things were created, all things were arranged, the King
of all ages and times, the Prince of all the angels, before whom there is
none but the Father, was only man, and denying to Him divine authority in
these things. For this contempt of the heretics will recoil also upon God
the Father, if God the Father could not beget God the Son. But, moreover, no
blindness of the heretics shall prescribe to the truth. Nor, because they
maintain one thing in Christ and, do not maintain another, they see one side
of Christ and do not see another, shall there be taken away from us that
which they do not see for the sake of that which they do. For they regard
the weaknesses in Him as if they were a man's weaknesses, but they do not
count the powers as if they were a God's powers. They keep in mind the
infirmities of the flesh, they exclude the powers of the divinity; when if
this argument from the infirmities of Christ is of avail to the result of
proving Him to be man from His infirmities, the argument of divinity in Him
gathered from His powers avails to the result also of asserting Him to be
God from His works. For if His sufferings show in Him human frailty, why may
not His works assert in Him divine power? For if this should not avail to
assert Him to be God from His powers, neither can His sufferings avail to
show Him to be man also from them. For whatever principle be adopted on one
or the other side, will be found to be maintained. [5027] For there will
be a risk that He should not be shown to be man from His sufferings, if He
could not also be approved as God by His powers. We must not then lean to
one side and evade the other side, because any one who should exclude one
portion of the truth will never hold the perfect truth. For Scripture as
much announces Christ as also God, as it announces God Himself as man. It
has as much described Jesus Christ to be man, as moreover it has also
described Christ the Lord to be God. Because it does not set forth Him to be
the Son of God only, but also the Son of man; nor does it only say, the Son
of man, but it has also been accustomed to speak of Him as the Son of God.
So that being of both, He is both, lest if He should be one only, He could
not be the other. For as nature itself has prescribed that he must be
believed to be a man who is of man, so the same nature prescribes also that
He must be believed to be God who is of God; but if he should not also be
God when be is of God, no more should he be man although he should be of
man. And thus both doctrines would be endangered in one and the other way,
by one being convicted to have lost belief in the other. Let them,
therefore, who read that Jesus Christ the Son of man is man, read also that
this same Jesus is called also God and the Son of God. For in the manner
that as man He is of Abraham, so also as God He is before Abraham himself.
And in the same manner as He is as man the "Son of David," [5028] so as
God He is proclaimed David's Lord. And in the same manner as He was made as
man "under the law," [5029] so as God He is declared to be "Lord of the
Sabbath." [5030] And in the same manner as He suffers, as man, the
condemnation, so as God He is found to have all judgment of the quick and
dead. And in the same manner as He is born as man subsequent to the world,
so as God He is manifested to have been before the world. And in the same
way as He was begotten as man of the seed of David, so also the world is
said to have been ordained by Him as God. And in the same way as He was as
man after many, so as God He was before all. And in the same manner as He
was as man inferior to others, so as God He was greater than all. And in the
same manner as He ascended as man into heaven, so as God He had first
descended thence. And in the same manner as He goes as man to the Father, so
as the Son in obedience to the Father He shall descend thence. So if
imperfections in Him prove human frailty, majesties in Him affirm divine
power. For the risk is, in reading of both, to believe not both, but one of
the two. Wherefore as both are read of in Christ, let both be believed; that
so finally the faith may be true, being also complete. For if of two
principles one gives way in the faith, and the other, and that indeed which
is of least importance, be taken up for belief, the rule of truth is thrown
into confusion; and that boldness will not confer salvation, but instead of
salvation will effect a great risk of death from the overthrow of the faith.
Chapter XII. Argument. That Christ is God, is Proved by the Authority of the
Old Testament Scriptures.
Why, then, should we hesitate to say what Scripture does not shrink from
declaring? Why shall the truth of faith hesitate in that wherein the
authority of Scripture has never hesitated? For, behold, Hosea the prophet
says in the person of the Father: "I will not now save them by bow, nor by
horses, nor by horsemen; but I will save them by the Lord their God."
[5031] If God says that He saves by God, still God does not save except by
Christ. Why, then, should man hesitate to call Christ God, when he observes
that He is declared to be God by the Father according to the Scriptures?
Yea, if God the Father does not save except by God, no one can be saved by
God the Father unless he shall have confessed Christ to be God, in whom and
by whom the Father promises that He will give him salvation: so that,
reasonably, whoever acknowledges Him to be God, may find salvation in Christ
God; whoever does not acknowledge Him to be God, would lose salvation which
he could not find elsewhere than in Christ God. For in the same way as
Isaiah says, "Behold, a virgin shall conceive and bear a son, and ye shall
call His name Emmanuel, which is, interpreted, God with us; " [5032] so
Christ Himself says, "Lo, I am with you, even to the consummation of the
world." [5033] Therefore He is" God with us; "yea, and much rather, He is
in us. Christ is with us, therefore it is He whose name is God with us,
because He also is with us; or is He not with us? How then does He say that
He is with us? He, then, is with us. But because He is with us He was called
Emmanuel, that is, God with us. God, therefore, because He is with us, was
called God with us, The same prophet says: "Be ye strengthened, ye relaxed
hands, and ye feeble knees; be consoled, ye that are cowardly in heart; be
strong; fear not. Lo, our God shall return judgment; He Himself shall come,
and shall save you: then shall the eyes of the blind be opened, and the ears
of the deaf shall hear; then shall the lame man leap as an hart, and the
tongue of the dumb shall be eloquent." [5034] Since the prophet says that
at God's advent these should be the signs which come to pass; let men
acknowledge either that Christ is the Son of God, at whose advent and by
whom these wonders of healings were performed; or, overcome by the truth of
Christ's divinity, let them rush into the other heresy, and refusing to
confess Christ to be the Son of God, and God, let them declare Him to be the
Father. For, being bound by the words of the prophets, they can no longer
deny Christ to be God. What, then, do they reply when those signs are said
to be about to take place on the advent of God, which were manifested on the
advent of Christ? In what way do they receive Christ as God? For now they
cannot deny Him to be God. As God the Father, or as God the Son? If as the
Son, why do they deny that the Son of God is God? If as the Father, why do
they not follow those who appear to maintain blasphemies of that kind?
unless because in this contest against them concerning the truth, this is in
the meantime sufficient for us, that, being convinced in any kind of way,
they should confess Christ to be God, seeing they have even wished to deny
that He is God. He says by Habakkuk the prophet: "God shall come from the
south, and the Holy One from the dark and dense mountain." [5035] Whom do
they wish to represent as coming from the south? If they say that it is the
Almighty God the Father, then God the Father comes from a place, from which
place, moreover, He is thus excluded, and He is bounded within the
straitnesses of some abode; and thus by such as these, as we have said, the
sacrilegious heresy of Sabellius is embodied. Since Christ is believed to be
not the Son, but the Father; since by them He is asserted to be in
strictness a bare man, in a new manner, by those, again, Christ is proved to
be God the Father Almighty. But if in Bethlehem, the region of which local
division looks towards the southern portion of heaven, Christ is born, who
by the Scriptures is also said to be God, this God is rightly described as
coming from the south, because He was foreseen as about to come from
Bethlehem. Let them, then, choose of the two alternatives, the one that they
prefer, that He who came from the south is the Son, or the Father; for God
is said to be about to come from the south. If the Son, why do they shrink
from calling Him Christ and God? For the Scripture says that God shall come.
If the Father, why do they shrink from being associated with the boldness of
Sabellius, who says that Christ is the Father? unless because, whether they
call Him Father or Son, from his heresy, however unwillingly, they must
needs withdraw if they are accustomed to say that Christ is merely man; when
compelled by the facts themselves, they are on the eve of exalting Him as
God, whether in wishing to call Him Father or in wishing to call Him Son.
Chapter XIII. Argument. That the Same Truth is Proved from the Sacred
Writings of the New Covenant.
And thus also John, describing the nativity of Christ, says: "The Word was
made flesh, and dwelt among us, and we saw His glory, the glory as of the
only begotten of the Father, full Of grace and truth.". [5036] For,
moreover, "His name is called the Word of God," [5037] and not without
reason. "My heart has emitted a good word; " [5038] which word He
subsequently calls by the name of the King inferentially, "I will tell my
works to the King." [5039] For "by Him were made all the works, and
without Him was nothing made." [5040] "Whether" says the apostle "they be
thrones or dominations, or powers, or mights, visible things and invisible,
all things subsist by Him." [5041] Moreover, this is that word which came
unto His own, and His own received Him not. For the world was made by Him,
and the world knew Him not." [5042] Moreover, this Word "was in the
beginning with God, and God was the Word." [5043] Who then can doubt, when
in the last clause it is said, "The Word was made flesh, and dwelt among
us," that Christ, whose is the nativity, and because He was made flesh, is
man; and because He is the Word of God, who can shrink from declaring
without hesitation that He is God, especially when he considers the
evangelical Scripture, that it has associated both of these substantial
natures into one concord of the nativity of Christ? For He it is who "as a
bride-groom goeth forth from his bride-chamber; He exulted as a giant to run
his way. His going forth is from the end of the heaven, and His return unto
the ends of it." [5044] Because, even to the highest, "not any one hath
ascended into heaven save He who came down from heaven, the Son of man who
is in heaven." [5045] Repeating this same thing, He says: "Father, glorify
me with that glory wherewith I was with Thee before the world was." [5046]
And if this Word came down from heaven as a bridegroom to the flesh, that by
the assumption of flesh He might ascend thither as the Son of man, whence
the Son of God had descended as the Word, reasonably, while by the mutual
connection both flesh wears the Word of God, and the Son of God assumes the
frailty of the flesh; when the flesh being espoused ascending thither,
whence without the flesh it had descended, it at length receives that glory
which in being shown to have had before the foundation of the world, it is
most manifestly proved. to be God. And, nevertheless, while the world itself
is said to have been founded after Him, it is found to have been created by
Him; by that very divinity in Him whereby, the world was made, both His
glory and His authority are proved. Moreover, if, whereas it is the property
of none but God to know the secrets of the heart, Christ beholds the secrets
of the heart; and if, whereas it belongs to none but God to remit sins, the
same Christ remits sins; and if, whereas it is the portion of no man to come
from heaven, He descended by coming from heaven; and if, whereas this word
can be true of no man, "I and the Father are one," [5047] Christ alone
declared this word out of the consciousness of His divinity; and if,
finally, the Apostle Thomas, instructed in all the proofs and conditions of
Christ's divinity, says in reply to Christ, "My Lord and my God; " [5048]
and if, besides, the Apostle Paul says, "Whose are the fathers, and of whom
Christ came according to the flesh, who is over all, God blessed for
evermore," [5049] writing in his epistles; and if the same apostle
declares that he was ordained "an apostle not by men, nor of man, but by
Jesus Christ; " [5050] and if the same contends that he learned the Gospel
not from men or by man, but received it from Jesus Christ, reasonably Christ
is God. Therefore, in this respect, one of two things must needs be
established. For since it is evident that all things were made by Christ, He
is either before all things, since all things were by Him, and so He is
justly God; or because He is man He is subsequent to all things, and justly
nothing was made by Him. But we cannot say that nothing was made by Him,
when we observe it written that all things were made by Him. He is not
therefore subsequent to all things; that is, He is not man only, who is
subsequent to all things, but God also, since God is prior to all things.
For He is before all things, because all things are by Him, while if He were
only man, nothing would be by Him; or if all things were by Him, He would
not be man only, because if He were only man, all things would not be by
Him; nay, nothing would be by Him. What, then, do they reply? That nothing
is by Him, so that He is man only? How then are all things by Him? Therefore
He is not man only, but God also, since all things are by Him; so that we
reasonably ought to understand that Christ is not man only, who is
subsequent to all things, but God also, since by Him all things were made.
For how can you say that He is man only, when you see Him also in the flesh,
unless because when both aspects are considered, both truths are rightly
believed?
Chapter XIV. Argument, The Author Prosecutes the Same Argument.
And yet the heretic still shrinks from urging that Christ is God, whom he
perceives to be proved God by so many words as well as facts. If Christ is
only man, how, when He came into this world, did He come unto His own, since
a man could have made no world? If Christ was only man, how is the world
said to have been made by Him, when the world was not by man, but man was
ordained after the world? If Christ was only man, how was it that Christ was
not only of the seed of David; but He was the Word made flesh and dwelt
among us? For although the Protoplast was not born of seed, yet neither was
the Protoplast formed of the conjunction of the Word and the flesh. For He
is not the Word made flesh, nor dwelt in us. If Christ was only man, how
does He "who cometh from heaven testify what He hath seen and heard,"
[5051] when it is plain that man cannot come from heaven, because he cannot
be born there? If Christ be only man, how are "visible things and invisible,
thrones, powers, and dominions," said to be created by Him and in Him; when
the heavenly powers could not have been made by man, since they must needs
have been prior to man? If Christ is only man, how is He present wherever He
is called upon; when it is not the nature of man, but of God, that it can be
present in every place? If Christ is only man, why is a man invoked in
prayers as a Mediator, when the invocation of a man to afford salvation is
condemned as ineffectual? If Christ is only man, why is hope rested upon
Him, when hope in man is declared to be accursed? If Christ is only man, why
may not Christ be denied without destruction of the soul, when it is said
that a sin committed against man may be forgiven? If Christ is only man, how
comes John the Baptist to testify and say, "He who cometh after me has
become before me, because He was prior to me; " [5052] when, if Christ
were only man, being born after John, He could not be before John, unless
because He preceded him, in that He is God? If Christ is only man, how is it
that "what things the Father doeth, these also doeth the Son likewise,"
[5053] when man cannot do works like to the heavenly operations of God? If
Christ is only man, how is it that "even as the Father hath life in Himself,
so hath He given to the Son to have life in Himself," [5054] when man
cannot have life in him after the example of God the Father, because he is
not glorious in eternity, but made with the materials of mortality? If
Christ is only man, how does He say, "I am the bread of eternal life which
came down from heaven," [5055] when man can neither be the bread of life,
he himself being mortal, nor could he have come down from heaven, since no
perishable material is established in heaven? If Christ is only man, how
does He say that "no man hath seen God at any time, save He which is of God;
He hath seen God? " [5056] Because if Christ is only man, He could not
see God, because no man has seen God; but if, being of God, He has seen God,
He wishes it to be understood that He is more than man, in that He has seen
God. If Christ is only man, why does He say, "What if ye shall see the Son
of man ascending thither where He was before? " [5057] But He ascended
into heaven, therefore He was there, in that He returned thither where He
was before. But if He was sent from heaven by the Father, He certainly is
not man only; for man, as we have said, could not come from heaven.
Therefore as man He was not there before, but ascended thither where He was
not. But the Word of God descended which was there, the Word of God, I say,
and God by whom all things were made, and without whom nothing was made. It
was not therefore man that thus came thence from heaven, but the Word of
God; that is, God descended thence.
Chapter XV. [5058] Argument. Again He Proves from the Gospel that Christ
is God.
If Christ is only man, how is it that He says, "Though I bear record of
myself, yet my record is true: because I know whence I came, and whither I
go; ye know not whence I came, and whither I go. Ye judge after the flesh?
" [5059] Behold, also He says, that He shall return thither whence He
bears witness that He came before, as being sent, to wit, from heaven. He
came down therefore from whence He came, in the same manner as He goes
thither from whence He descended. Whence if Christ were only man, He would
not have come thence, and therefore would not depart thither, because He
would riot have come thence. Moreover, by coming thence, whence as man He
could not have come, He shows Himself to have come as God. For the Jews,
ignorant and untaught in the matter of this very descent of His, made these
heretics their successors, seeing that to them it is said, "Ye know not
whence I come, and whither I go: ye judge after the flesh." As much they as
the Jews, holding that the carnal birth of Christ was the only one, believed
that Christ was nothing else than man; not considering this point, that as
man could not come from heaven, so as that he might return thither, He who
descended thence must be God, seeing that man could not come thence. If
Christ is only man, how does He say, "Ye are from below, I am from above; ye
are of this world, I am not of this world? " [5060] But therefore if
every man is of this world, and Christ is for that reason in this world, is
He only man? God forbid! But consider what He says: "I am not of this
world." Does He then speak falsely when He says "of this world," if He is
only man? Or if He does not speak falsely, He is not of this world; He is
therefore not man only, because He is not of this world. But that it should
not be a secret who He was, He declared whence He was: "I," said He, "am
from above," that is, from heaven, whence man cannot come, for he was not
made in heaven. He is God, therefore, who is from above, and therefore He is
not of this world; although, moreover, in a certain manner He is of this
word: wherefore Christ is not God only, but man also. As reasonably in the
way in which He is not of this world according to the divinity of the Word,
so He is of this world according to the frailty of the body that He has
taken upon Him. For man is joined with God, and God is linked with man. But
on that account this Christ here laid more stress on the one aspect of His
sole divinity, because the Jewish blindness contemplated in Christ the
aspect alone of the flesh; and thence in the present passage He passed over
in silence the frailty of the body, which is of the world, and spoke of His
divinity alone, which is not of the world: so that in proportion as they had
inclined to believe Him to be only man, in that proportion Christ might draw
them to consider His divinity, so as to believe Him to be God, desirous to
overcome their incredulity concerning His divinity by omitting in the
meantime any mention of His human condition, and by setting before them His
divinity alone. If Christ is man only, how does He say, "I proceeded forth
and came from God," [5061] when it is evident that man was made by God,
and did not proceed forth from Him? But in the way in which as man He
proceeded not from God, thus the Word of God proceeded, of whom it is said,
"My heart hath uttered forth a good Word; " [5062] which, because it is
from God, is with reason also with God. And this, too, since it was not
uttered without effect, reasonably makes all things: "For all things were
made by Him, and without Him was nothing made." [5063] But this Word
whereby all things were made (is God). "And God," says he, "was the
Word." [5064] Therefore God proceeded from God, in that the Word which
proceeded is God, who proceeded forth from God. If Christ is only man, how
does He say, "If any man shall keep my word, he shall not see death for
ever? " [5065] Not to see death for ever! what is this but immortality?
But immortality is the associate of divinity, because both the divinity is
immortal, and immortality is the fruit of divinity. For every man is mortal;
and immortality cannot be from that which is mortal. Therefore from Christ,
as a mortal man, immortality cannot arise. "But," says He, "whosoever
keepeth my word, shall not see death for ever; "therefore the word of Christ
affords immortality, and by immortality affords divinity. But although it is
not possible to maintain that one who is himself mortal can make another
immortal, yet this word of Christ not only sets forth, but affords
immortality: certainly He is not man only who gives immortality, which if He
were only man He could not give; but by giving divinity by immortality, He
proves Himself to be God by offering divinity, which if He were not God He
could not give. If Christ was only man, how did He say, "Before Abraham was,
I Am? " [5066] For no man can be before Him from whom he himself is; nor
can it be that any one should have been prior to him of whom he himself has
taken his origin. And yet Christ, although He is born of Abraham, says that
He is before Abraham. Either, therefore, He says what is not true, and
deceives, if He was not before Abraham, seeing that He was of Abraham; or He
does not deceive, if He is also God, and was before Abraham. And if this
were not so, it follows that, being of Abraham, He could not be before
Abraham. If Christ was only man, how does He say, "And I know them, and my
sheep follow me; and I give unto them eternal life, and they shall never
perish? " [5067] And yet, since every man is bound by the laws of
mortality, and therefore is unable to keep himself for ever, much more will
he be unable to keep another for ever. But Christ promises to give salvation
for ever, which if He does not give, He is a deceiver; if He gives, He is
God. But He does not deceive, for He gives what He promises. Therefore He is
God who proffers eternal salvation, which man, being unable to keep himself
for ever, cannot be able to give to another. If Christ is only man, what is
that which He says, "I and the Father are one? " [5068] For how can it be
that "I and the Father are one," if He is not both God and the Son? who may
therefore be called one, seeing that He is of Himself, being both His Son,
and being born of Him, being declared to have proceeded from Him, by which
He is also God; which when the Jews thought to be hateful, and believed to
be blasphemous, for that He had shown Himself in these discourses to be God,
and therefore rushed at once to stoning, and set to work passionately to
hurl stones, He strongly refuted His adversaries by the example and witness
of the Scriptures. "If," said He, "He called them gods to whom the words of
God were given, and the Scriptures cannot be broken, ye say of Him whom the
Father sanctified, and sent into this world, Thou blasphemest, because I
said, I am the Son of God." [5069] By which words He did not deny Himself
to be God, but rather He confirmed the assertion that He was God. For
because, undoubtedly, they are said to be gods unto whom the words of God
were given, much more is He God who is found to be superior to all these.
And nevertheless He refuted the calumny of blasphemy in a fitting manner
with lawful tact. [5070] For He wishes that He should be thus understood
to be God, as the Son of God, and He would not wish to be understood to be
the Father Himself. Thus He said that He was sent, and showed them that He
had manifested many good works from the Father; whence He desired that He
should not be understood to be the Father, but the Son. And in the latter
portion of His defence He made mention of the Son, not the Father, when He
said, "Ye say, Thou blasphemest, because I said, I am the Son of God." Thus,
as far as pertains to the guilt of blasphemy, He calls Himself the Son, not
the Father; but as pertaining to His divinity, by saying, "I and the Father
are one," He proved that He was the Son of God. He is God, therefore, but
God in such a manner as to be the Son, not the Father.
Chapter XVI. [5071] Argument. Again from the Gospel He Proves Christ to
Be God.
If Christ was only man, how is it that He Himself says, "And every one that
believeth in me shall not die for evermore? " [5072] And yet he who
believes in man by himself alone is called accursed; but he who believes on
Christ is not accursed, but is said not to die for evermore. Whence, if on
the one hand He is man only, as the heretics will have it, how shall not
anybody who believes in Him die eternally, since he who trusts in man is
held to be accursed? Or on the other, if he is not accursed, but rather, as
it is read, destined for the attainment of everlasting life, Christ is not
man only, but God also, in whom he who believes both lays aside all risk of
curse, and attains to the fruit of righteousness. If Christ was only man,
how does He say that the Paraclete "shall take of His, those things which He
shall declare? " [5073] For neither does the Paraclete receive anything
from man, but the Paraclete offers knowledge to man; nor does the Paraclete
learn things future from man, but instructs man concerning futurity.
Therefore either the Paraclete has not received from Christ, as man, what He
should declare, since man could give nothing to the Paraclete, seeing that
from Him man himself ought to receive, and Christ in the present instance is
both mistaken and deceives, in saying that the Paraclete shall receive from
Him, being a man, the things which He may declare; or He does not deceive
us, as in fact He does not, and the Paraclete has received from Christ what
He may declare. But if He has received from Christ what He may declare to
us, Christ is greater than the Paraclete, because the Paraclete would not
receive from Christ unless He were less than Christ. But the Paraclete being
less than Christ, moreover, by this very fact proves Christ to be God, from
whom He has received what He declares: so that the testimony of Christ s
divinity is immense, in the Paraclete being found to be in this economy less
than Christ, and taking from Him what He gives to others; seeing that if
Christ were only man, Christ would receive from the Paraclete what He should
say, not the Paraclete receive from Christ what He should declare. If Christ
was only man, wherefore did He lay down for us such a rule of believing as
that in which He said, "And this is life eternal, that they should know
Thee, the only and true God, and Jesus Christ, whom Thou hast sent? "
[5074] Had He not wished that He also should be understood to be God, why
did He add, "And Jesus Christ, whom Thou hast sent," except because He
wished to be received as God also? Because if He had not wished to be
understood to be God, He would have added, "And the man Jesus Christ, whom
Thou hast sent; "but, in fact, He neither added this, nor did Christ deliver
Himself to us as than only, but associated Himself with God, as He wished to
be understood by this conjunction to be God also, as He is. We must
therefore believe, according to the rule prescribed, [5075] on the Lord,
the one true God, and consequently on Him whom He has sent, Jesus Christ,
who by no means, as we have said, would have linked Himself to the Father
had He not wished to be understood to be God also: for He would have
separated Himself from Him had He not wished to be understood to be God. He
would have placed Himself among men only, had He known Himself to be only
man; nor would He have linked Himself with God had He not known Himself to
be God also. But in this case He is silent about His being man, because no
one doubts His being man, and with reason links Himself to God, that He
might establish the formula of His divinity [5076] for those who should
believe. If Christ was only man, how does He say, "And now glorify me with
the glory which I had with Thee before the world was? " [5077] If, before
the world was, He had glory with God, and maintained His glory with the
Father, He existed before the world, for He would not have had the glory
unless He Himself had existed before, so as to be able to keep the glory.
For no one could possess anything, unless he himself should first be in
existence to keep anything. But now Christ has the glory before the
foundation of the world; therefore He Himself was before the foundation of
the world. For unless He were before the foundation of the world, He could
not have glory before the foundation of the world, since He Himself was not
in existence. But indeed man could not have glory before the foundation of
the world, seeing that he was after the world; but Christ had therefore He
was before the world. Therefore He was not man only, seeing that He was
before the world. He is therefore God, because He was before the world, and
held His glory before the world. Neither let this be explained by
predestination, since this is not so expressed, or let them add this who
think so, but woe is denounced to them who add to, even as to those who take
away from, that which is written. Therefore that may not be said, which may
not be added. And thus, predestination being set aside, seeing it is not so
laid down, Christ was in substance before the foundation of the world. For
He is "the Word by which all things were made, and without which nothing was
made." Because even if He is said to be glorious in predestination, and that
this predestination was before the foundation of the world, let order be
maintained, and before Him a considerable number of men was destined to
glory. For in respect of that destination, Christ will be perceived to be
less than others if He is designated subsequent to them. For if this glory
was in predestination, Christ received that predestination to glory last of
all; for prior to Him Adam will be seen to have been predestinated, and
Abel, and Enoch, and Noah, and Abraham, and many others. For since with God
the order of all, both persons and things, is arranged, many will be said to
have been predestinated before this predestination of Christ to glory. And
on these terms Christ is discovered to be inferior to other men, although He
is really found to be better and greater, and more ancient than the angels
themselves. Either, then, let all these things be set on one side, that
Christ's divinity may be destroyed; or if these things cannot be set aside,
let His proper divinity be attributed to Christ by the heretics.
Chapter XVII. [5078] Argument. It Is, Moreover, Proved by Moses in the
Beginning of the Holy Scriptures.
What if Moses pursues this same rule of truth, and delivers to us in the
beginning of his sacred writings, this principle by which we may learn that
all things were created and rounded by the Son of God, that is, by the Word
of God? For He says the same that John and the rest say; nay, both John and
the others are perceived to have received from Him what they say. For if
John says, "All things were made by Him, and without Him was nothing
made," [5079] the prophet David too says, "I tell my works to the
King." [5080] Moses, moreover, introduces God commanding that there
should be light at the first, that the heaven should be established, that
the waters should be gathered into one place, that the dry land should
appear, that the fruit should be brought forth according to its seed, that
the animals should be produced, that lights should be established in heaven,
and stars. He shows that none other was then present to God by whom these
works were commanded that they should be made than He by whom all things
were made, and without whom nothing was made. And if He is the Word of
God "for my heart has uttered forth a good Word" [5081] He shows that in
the beginning the Word was, and that this Word was with the Father, and
besides that the Word was God, and that all things were made by Him.
Moreover, this "Word was made flesh and dwelt among us," [5082] to wit,
Christ the Son of God; whom both on receiving subsequently as man according
to the flesh, and seeing before the foundation of the world to be the Word
of God, and God, we reasonably, according to the instruction of the Old and
New Testament, believe and hold to be as well God as man, Christ Jesus. What
if the same Moses introduces God saying, "Let us make man after our image
and likeness; " [5083] and below, "And God made man; in the image of God
made He him, male and female made He them? " [5084] If, as we have
already shown, it is the Son of God by whom all things were made, certainly
it was the Son of God by whom also man was ordained, on whose account all
things were made. Moreover, when God commands that man should be made, He is
said to be God who makes man; but the Son of God makes man, that is to say,
the Word of God, "by whom all things were made, and without whom nothing was
made." And this Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us: therefore Christ is
God; therefore man was made by Christ as by the Son of God. But God made man
in the image of God; He is therefore God who made man in the image of God;
therefore Christ is God: so that with reason neither does the testimony of
the Old Testament waver concerning the person of Christ, being supported by
the manifestation of the New Testament; nor is the power of the New
Testament detracted from, while its truth is resting on the roots of the
same Old Testament. Whence they who presume Christ the Son of God and man to
be only man, and not God also, do so in opposition to both Old and New
Testaments, in that they corrupt the authority and the truth both of the Old
and New Testaments. What if the same Moses everywhere introduces God the
Father infinite and without end, not as being enclosed in any place, but as
one who includes every place; nor as one who is in a place, but rather one
in whom every place is, containing all things and embracing all things, so
that with reason He can neither descend nor ascend, because He Himself both
contains and fills all things, and yet nevertheless introduces God
descending to consider the tower which the sons of men were building, asking
and saying, "Come; "and then, "Let us go down and there confound their
tongues, that each one may not understand the words of his neighbour."
[5085] Whom do they pretend here to have been the God who descended to that
tower, and asking to visit those men at that time? God the Father? Then thus
He is enclosed in a place; and how does He embrace all things? Or does He
say that it is an angel descending with angels, and saying, "Come; "and
subsequently, "Let us go down and there confound their tongues? "And yet in
Deuteronomy we observe that God told these things, and that God said, where
it is written, "When He scattered abroad the children of Adam, He determined
the bounds of the nations according to the number of the angels of God."
[5086] Neither, therefore, did the Father descend, as the subject itself
indicates; nor did an angel command these things, as the fact shows. Then it
remains that He must have descended, of whom the Apostle Paul says, "He who
descended is the same who ascended above all the heavens, that He might fill
all things," [5087] that is, the Son of God, the Word of God. But the
Word of God was made flesh, and dwelt among us. This must be Christ.
Therefore Christ must be declared to be God.
Chapter XVIII. [5088] Argument. Moreover Also, from the Fact that He Who
Was Seen of Abraham is Called God; Which Cannot Be Understood of the Father,
Whom No Man Hath Seen at Any Time; But of the Son in the Likeness of an
Angel.
Behold, the same Moses tells us in another place that "God was seen of
Abraham." [5089] And yet the same Moses hears from God, that "no man can
see God and live." [5090] If God cannot be seen, how was God seen? Or if
He was seen, how is it that He cannot be seen? For John also says, "No man
hath seen God at any time; " [5091] and the Apostle Paul, "Whom no man
hath seen, nor can see." [5092] But certainly the Scripture does not lie;
therefore, truly, God was seen. Whence it may be understood that it was not
the Father who was seen, seeing that He never was seen; but the Son, who has
both been accustomed to descend, and to be seen because He has descended.
For He is the image of the invisible God, as the imperfection and frailty of
the human condition was accustomed sometimes even then to see God the Father
in the image of God, that is, in the Son of God. For gradually and by
progression human frailty was to be strengthened by the image to that glory
of being able one day to see God the Father. For the things that are great
are dangerous if they are sudden. For even the sudden light of the sun after
darkness, with its too great splendour, will not make manifest the light of
day to unaccustomed eyes, but will rather strike them with blindness.
And lest this should occur to the injury of human eyes, the darkness is
broken up and scattered by degrees; and the rising of that luminary,
mounting by small and unperceived increments, gently accustoms men's eyes to
bear its full orb by the gentle increase of its rays. Thus, therefore,
Christ also that is, the image of God, and the Son of God is looked upon by
men, inasmuch as He could be seen. And thus the weakness and imperfection of
the human destiny is nourished, led up, and educated by Him; so that, being
accustomed to look upon the Son, it may one day be able to see God the
Father Himself also as He is, that it may not be stricken by His sudden and
intolerable brightness, and be hindered from being able to see God the
Father, whom it has always desired. [5093] Wherefore it is the Son who is
seen; but the Son of God is the Word of God: and the Word of God was made
flesh, and dwelt among us; and this is Christ. What in the world is the
reason that we should hesitate to call Him God, who in so many ways is
acknowledged to be proved God? And if, moreover, the angel meets with Hagar,
Sarah's maid, driven from her home as well as turned away, near the fountain
of water in the way to Shur; asks and learns the reason of her flight, and
after that offers her advice that she should humble herself; and, moreover,
gives her the hope of the name of mother, and pledges and promises that from
her womb there should be a numerous seed, and that she should have Ishmael
to be born from her; and with other things unfolds the place of his
habitation, and describes his mode oflife; yet Scripture sets forth this
angel as both Lord and God for He would not have promised the blessing of
seed unless the angel had also been God. Let them ask what the heretics can
make of this present passage. Was that the Father that was seen by Hagar or
not? For He is declared to be God. But far be it from us to call God the
Father an angel, lest He should be subordinate to another whose angel He
would be. But they will say that it was an angel. How then shall He be God
if He was an angel? Since this name is nowhere conceded to angels, except
that on either side the truth compels us into this opinion, that we ought to
understand it to have been God the Son, who, because He is of God, is
rightly called God, because He is the Son of God. But, because He is
subjected [5094] to the Father, and the Announcer of the Father's will,
He is declared to be the Angel of Great Counsel. [5095] Therefore,
although this passage neither is suited to the person of the Father, lest He
should be called an angel, nor to the person of an angel, lest he should be
called God; yet it is suited to the person of Christ that He should be both
God because He is the Son of God, and should be an angel because He is the
Announcer of the Father's mind. And the heretics ought to understand that
they are setting themselves against the Scriptures, in that, while they say
that they believe Christ to have been also an angel, they are unwilling to
declare Him to have been also God, when they read in the Old Testament that
He often came to visit the human race. To this, moreover, Moses added the
instance of God seen of Abraham at the oak of Mature, when he was sitting at
the opening of his tent at noon-day. And nevertheless, although he had
beheld three men, note that he called one of them Lord; and when he had
washed their feet, he offers them bread baked on the ashes, with butter and
abundance of milk itself, and urges them that, being detained as guests,
they should eat. And after I this he hears also that he should be a father,
and learns that Sarah his wife should bring forth a son by him; and
acknowledges concerning the destruction of the people of Sodom, what they
deserve to suffer; and learns that God had come down on account of the cry
of Sodom. in which place, if they will have it that the Father was seen at
that time to have been received with hospitality in company with two angels,
the heretics have believed the Father to be visible. But if an angel,
although of the three angels one is called Lord, why, although it is not
usual, is an angel called God? Unless because, in order that His proper
invisibility may be restored to the Father, and the proper inferiority
[5096] be remitted to the angel, it was only God the Son, who also is God,
who was seen by Abraham, and was believed to have been received with
hospitality. For He anticipated sacramentally what He was hereafter to
become. He was made a guest of Abraham, being about to be among the sons of
Abraham. And his children's feet, by way of proving what He was, He washed;
returning in the children the claim of hospitality which formerly the Father
had put out to interest to Him. Whence also, that there might be no doubt
but that it was He who was the guest of Abraham on the destruction of the
people of Sodom, it is declared: "Then the Lord rained upon Sodom and upon
Gomorrha fire and brimstone from the Lord out of heaven." [5097] For thus
also said the prophet in the person of God: "I have overthrown you, as the
Lord overturned Sodom and Gomorrha." [5098] Therefore the Lord overturned
Sodom, that is, God overturned Sodom; but in the overturning of Sodom, the
Lord rained fire from the Lord. And this Lord was the God seen by Abraham;
and this God was the guest of Abraham, certainly seen because He was also
touched. But although the Father, being invisible, was assuredly not at that
time seen, He who was accustomed to be touched and seen was seen and
received to hospitality. But this the Son of God, "The Lord rained from the
Lord upon Sodom and Gomorrha brimstone and fire." And this is the Word of
God. And the Word of God was made flesh, and dwelt among us; and this is
Christ. It was not the Father, then, who was a guest with Abraham, but
Christ. Nor was it the Father who was seen then, but the Son; and Christ was
seen. Rightly, therefore, Christ is both Lord and God, who was not otherwise
seen by Abraham, except that as God the Word He was begotten of God the
Father before Abraham himself. Moreover, says the Scripture, the same Angel
and God visits and consoles the same Hagar when driven with her son from the
dwelling of Abraham. For when in the desert she had exposed the infant,
because the water had fallen short from the pitcher; and when the lad had
cried out, and she had lifted up her weeping and lamentation, "God heard,"
says the Scripture, "the voice of the lad from the place where he was."
[5099] Having told that it was God who heard the voice of the infant, it
adds: "And the angel of the Lord called Hagar herself out of heaven," saying
that that was an angel [5100] whom it had called God, and pronouncing Him
to be Lord whom it had set forth as an angel; which Angel and God moreover
promises to Hagar herself greater consolations, in saying, "Fear not; for I
have heard the voice of the lad from the place where he was. Arise, take up
the lad, and hold him; for I will make of him a great nation." [5101] Why
does this angel, if angel only, claim to himself this right of saying, I
will make of him a great nation, since assuredly this kind of power belongs
to God, and cannot belong to an angel? Whence also He is confirmed to be
God, since He is able to do this; because, by way of proving this very
point, it is immediately added by the Scripture: "And God opened her eyes,
and she saw a well of running water; and she went and filled the bottle from
the well, and gave to the lad: and God was with the lad." [5102] If,
then, this God was with the Lord, who opened the eyes of Hagar that she
might see the well of running water, and might draw the water on account of
the urgent need of the lad's thirst, and this God who calls her from heaven
is called an angel when, in previously hearing the voice of the lad crying,
He was rather God; is not understood to be other than angel, in like manner
as He was God also. And since this cannot be applicable or fitting to the
Father, who is God only, but may be applicable to Christ, who is declared to
be not only God, but angel also, [5103] it manifestly appears that it was
not the Father who thus spoke to Hagar, but rather Christ, since He is God;
and to Him also is applied the name of angel, since He became the "angel of
great counsel." [5104] And He is the angel, in that He declares the bosom
of the Father, as John sets forth. For if John himself says, that He Himself
who sets forth the bosom of the Father, as the Word, became flesh in order
to declare the bosom of the Father, assuredly Christ is not only man, but
angel also; and not only angel, but He is shown by the Scriptures to be God
also. And this is believed to be the case by us; so that, if we will not
consent to apprehend that it was Christ who then spoke to Hagar, we must
either make an angel God, or we must reckon God the Father Almighty among
the angels. [5105]
Chapter XIX. [5106] Argument. That God Also Appeared to Jacob as an
Angel; Namely, the Son of God.
What if in another place also we read in like manner that God was described
as an angel? For when, to his wives Leah and Rachel, Jacob complained of the
injustice of their father, and when he told them that he desired now to go
and return into his own land, he moreover inter posed the authority of his
dream; and at this time he says that the angel of God had said to him in a
dream, "Jacob, Jacob. And I said," says he, "What is it? Lift up thine eyes,
said He, and see, the he-goats and the rams leaping upon the sheep, and the
she-goats are black and white, and many-coloured, and grizzled, and
speckled: for I have seen all that Laban hath done to thee. I am God, who
appeared to thee in the place of God, where thou anointedst for me there the
standing stone, and there vowedst a vow unto me: now therefore arise, and go
forth from this land, and go unto the land of thy nativity, and I will be
with thee." [5107] If the Angel of God speaks thus to Jacob, and the
Angel himself mentions and says, "I am God, who appeared unto thee in the
house of God," we see without any hesitation that this is declared to be not
only an angel, but God also; because He speaks of the vow directed to
Himself by Jacob in the place of God, and He does not say, in my place. It
is then the place of God, and He also is God. Moreover, it is written simply
in the place of God, for it is not said in the place of the angel and God,
but only of God; and He who promises those things is manifested to be both
God and Angel, so that reasonably there must be a distinction between Him
who is called God only, and Him who is declared to be not God simply, but
Angel also. Whence if so great an authority cannot here be regarded as
belonging to any other angel, that He should also avow Himself to be God,
and should bear witness that a vow was made to Him, except to Christ alone,
to whom not as angel only, but as to God, a vow can be vowed; it is manifest
that it is not to be received as the Father, but as the Son, God and
Angel. [5108] Moreover, if this is Christ, as it is, he is in terrible
risk who says that Christ is either man or angel alone, withholding from Him
the power of the divine name, an authority which He has constantly received
on the faith of the heavenly Scriptures, which continually say that He is
both Angel and God. To all these things, moreover, is added this, that in
like manner as the divine Scripture has frequently declared Him both Angel
and God, so the same divine Scripture declares Him also both man and God,
expressing thereby what He should be, and depicting even then in figure what
He was to be in the truth of His substance. "For," it says, "Jacob remained
alone; and there wrestled with him a man even till daybreak. And He saw that
He did not prevail against him; and He touched the broad part of Jacob s
thigh while He was wrestling with him and he with Him, and said to him, Let
me go, for the morning has dawned. And he said, I will not let Thee go,
except Thou bless me. And He said, What is thy name? And he said, Jacob. And
He said to him, Thy name shall no longer be called Jacob, but Israel shall
be thy name; because thou hast prevailed with God, and thou an powerful with
men." [5109] And it adds, moreover: "And Jacob called the name of that
place the Vision of God: for I have seen the Lord face to face, and my soul
has been made safe. And the sun arose upon him. Afterwards he crossed over
the Vision of God, but he halted upon his thigh." [5110] A man, it says,
wrestled with Jacob. If this was a mere man, who is he? Whence is he?
Wherefore does he contend and wrestle with Jacob? What had intervened? What
had happened? What was the cause of so great a dispute as that, and so great
a struggle? Why, moreover, is Jacob, who is found to be strong enough to
hold the man with whom he is wrestling, and asks for a blessing from Him
whom he is holding, asserted to have asked therefore, except because this
struggle was prefigured as that which should be between Christ and the sons
of Jacob, which is said to be completed in the Gospel? For against this man
Jacob's people struggled, in which struggle Jacob's people was found to be
the more powerful, because against Christ it gained the victory of its
iniquity: at which time, on account of the crime that it committed,
hesitating and giving way, it began most sorely to halt in the walk of its
own faith and salvation; and although it was found the stronger, in respect
of the condemnation of Christ, it still needs His mercy, still needs His
blessing. But, moreover, the man who wrestled with Jacob says, "Moreover,
thy name shall no longer be called Jacob, but Israel shall be thy name; "and
if Israel is the man who sees God, the Lord was beautifully showing that it
was not only a man who was then wrestling with Jacob, but God also.
Certainly Jacob saw God, with whom he wrestled, although he was holding the
man in his own struggle. And in order that there might still be no
hesitation, He Himself laid down the interpretation by saying, "Because thou
hast prevailed with God, and art powerful with men." For which reason the
same Jacob, perceiving already the force of the Mystery, and apprehending
the authority of Him with whom he had wrestled, called the name of that
place in which he had wrestled, the Vision of God. He, moreover, superadded
the reason for his interpretation being offered of the Vision of God: "For I
have seen," said he, "God face to face, and my soul has been saved."
Moreover, he saw God, with whom he wrestled as with a man; but still indeed
he held the man as a conqueror, though as an inferior he asked a blessing as
from God. Thus he wrestled with God and with man; and thus truly was that
struggle prefigured, and in the Gospel was fulfilled, between Christ and the
people of Jacob, wherein, although the people had the mastery, yet it proved
to be inferior by being shown to be guilty. Who will hesitate to acknowledge
that Christ, in whom this type of a wrestling was fulfilled, was not man
only, but God also, since even that very type of a wrestling seems to have
proved Him man and God? And yet, even after this, the same divine Scripture
justly does not cease to call the Angel God, and to pronounce God the Angel.
For when this very Jacob was about to bless Manasseh and Ephraim, the sons
of Joseph, with his hands placed across on the heads of the lads, he said,
"The God which fed me from my youth even unto this day, the Angel who
delivered me from all evils, bless these lads." [5111] Even to such a
point does he affirm the same Being to be an Angel, whom he had called God,
as in the end of his discourse, to express the person of whom he was
speaking as one, when he said [5112] "bless these lads." For if he had
meant the one to be understood as God, and the other as an angel, he would
have comprised the two persons in the plural number; but now he defined the
singular number of one person in the blessing, whence he meant it to be
understood that the same person is God and Angel. But yet He cannot be
received as God the Father; but as God and Angel, as Christ He can be
received. And Him, as the author of this blessing, Jacob also signified by
placing his hands crossed upon the lads, as if their father was Christ, and
showing, from thus placing his hands, the figure and future form of the
passion. [5113] Let no one, therefore, who does not shrink from speaking
of Christ as an Angel, thus shrink from pronouncing Him God also, when he
perceives that He Himself was invoked in the blessing of these lads, by the
sacrament of the passion, intimated in the type of the crossed hands, as
both God and Angel.
Chapter XX. [5114] Argument. It is Proved from the Scriptures that Christ
Was Called an Angel. But Yet It is Shown from Other Parts of Holy Scripture
that He is God Also.
But if some heretic, obstinately struggling against the truth, should
persist in all these instances either in understanding that Christ was
properly an angel, or should contend that He must be so understood, he must
in this respect also be subdued by the force of truth. For if, since all
heavenly things, earthly things, and things under the earth, are subjected
to Christ, even the angels themselves, with all other creatures, as many as
are subjected to Christ, are called gods, [5115] rightly also Christ is
God. And if any angel at all subjected to Christ can be called God, and
this, if it be said, is also professed without blasphemy, certainly much
more can this be fitting for Christ, Himself the Son of God, for Him to be
pronounced God. For if an angel who is subjected to Christ is exalted as
God, much more, and more consistently, shall Christ, to whom all angels are
subjected, be said to be God. For it is not suitable to nature, that what is
conceded to the lesser should be denied to the greater. Thus, if an angel be
inferior to Christ, and yet an angel is called god, rather by consequence is
Christ said to be God, who is discovered to be both greater and better, not
than one, but than all angels. And if "God standeth in the assembly of the
gods, and in the midst God distinguisheth between the gods," [5116] and
Christ stood at various times in the synagogue, then Christ stood in the
synagogue as God, judging, to wit, between the gods, to whom He says, "How
long do ye accept the persons of men? "That is to say, consequently,
charging the men of the synagogue with not practising just judgments.
Further, if they who are reproved and blamed seem even for any reason to
attain this name without blasphemy, that they should be called gods,
assuredly much more shall He be esteemed God, who not only is said to have
stood as God in the synagogue of the gods, but moreover is revealed by the
same authority 9f the reading as distinguishing and judging between gods.
But even if they who "fall like one of the princes" are still called gods,
much rather shall He be said to be God, who not only does not fall like one
of the princes, but even overcomes both the author and prince of wickedness
himself. And what in the world is the reason, that although they say that
this name was given even to Moses, since it is said, "I have made thee as a
god to Pharaoh," [5117] it should be denied to Christ, who is declared to
be ordained [5118] not to Pharaoh only, but to every creature, as both
Lord and God? And in the former case indeed this name is given with reserve,
in the latter lavishly; in the former by measure, in the latter above all
kind of measure: "For," it is said, "the Father giveth not to the Son by
measure, for the Father loveth the Son." [5119] In the former for the
time, in the latter without reference to time; [5120] for He received the
power of the divine name, both above all things and for all time. But if he
who has received the power of one man, in respect to this limited power
given him, still without hesitation attains that name of God, how much more
shall He who has power over Moses himself as well be believed to have
attained the authority of that name?
Chapter XXI. [5121] Argument. That the Same Divine Majesty is Again
Confirmed in Christ by Other Scriptures.
And indeed I could set forth the treatment of this subject by all heavenly
Scriptures, and set in motion, so to speak, a perfect forest of texts
concerning that manifestation of the divinity of Christ, except that I have
not so much undertaken to speak against this special form of heresy, as to
expound the rule of truth concerning the person of Christ. Although,
however, I must hasten to other matters, I do not think that I must pass
over this point, that in the Gospel the Lord declared, by way of signifying
His majesty, saying, "Destroy this temple, and in three days I will build it
up again." [5122] Or when, in another passage, and on another subject, He
declares, "I have power to lay down my life, and again to take it up; for
this commandment I have received of my Father." [5123] Now who is it who
says that He can lay down His life, or can Himself recover His life again,
because He has received it of His Father? Or who says that He can again
resuscitate and rebuild the destroyed temple of His body, except because He
is the Word who is from the Father, who is with the Father, "by whom all
things were made, and without whom nothing was made; " [5124] the
imitator [5125] of His Father's works and powers, "the image of the
invisible God; " [5126] "who came down from heaven; " [5127] who
testified what things he had seen and heard; who "came not to do His own
will, but rather to do the will of the Father," [5128] by whom He had
been sent for this very purpose, that being made the "Messenger of Great
Counsel," [5129] He might unfold to us the laws of the heavenly
mysteries; and who as the Word made flesh dwelt among us, of us this Christ
is proved to be not man only, because He was the son of man, but also God,
because He is the Son of God? And if by the apostle Christ is called "the
first-born of every creature," [5130] how could He be the first-born of
every creature, unless because according to His divinity the Word proceeded
from the Father before every creature? And unless the heretics receive it
thus, they will be constrained to show that Christ the man was the
first-born of every creature; which they will not be able to do. Either,
therefore, He is before every creature, that He may be the first-born of
every creature, and He is not man only, because man is after every creature;
or He is man only, and He is after every creature. And how is He the
first-born of every creature, except because being that Word which is before
every creature; and therefore, the first-born of every creature, He becomes
flesh and dwells in us, that is, assumes that man's nature which is after
every creature, and so dwells with him and in him, in us, that neither is
humanity taken away from Christ, nor His divinity denied? For if He is only
before every creature, humanity is taken away from Him; but if He is only
man, the divinity which is before every creature is interfered with. Both of
these, therefore, are leagued together in Christ, and both are conjoined,
and both are linked with one another. And rightly, as there is in Him
something which excels the creature, the agreement of the divinity and the
humanity seems to be pledged in Him: for which reason He who is declared as
made the "Mediator between God and man" [5131] is revealed to have
associated in Himself God and man. And if the same apostle says of Christ,
that "having put off the flesh, He spoiled powers, they being openly
triumphed over in Himself," [5132] he certainly did not without a meaning
propound that the flesh was put off, unless because he wished it to be
understood that it was again put on also at the resurrection. Who,
therefore, is He that thus put off and put on the flesh? Let the heretics
seek out. For we know that the Word of God was invested with the substance
of flesh, and that He again was divested of the same bodily material, which
again He took up in the resurrection and resumed as a garment. And yet
Christ could neither have been divested of nor invested with manhood, had He
been only man: for man is never either deprived of nor invested with
himself. For that must be something else, whatever it may be, which by any
other is either taken away or put on. Whence, reasonably, it was the Word of
God who put off the flesh, and again in the resurrection put it on, since He
put it off because at His birth He had been invested with it. Therefore in
Christ it is God who is invested, and moreover must be divested, because He
who is invested must also likewise be He who is divested; whereas, as man,
He is invested with and divested of, as it were, a certain tunic of the
compacted body. [5133] And therefore by consequence He was, as we have
said, the Word of God, who is revealed to be at one time invested, at
another time divested of the flesh. For this, moreover, He before predicted
in blessings: "He shall wash His garment in wine, and His clothing in the
blood of the grape." [5134] If the garment in Christ be the flesh, and
the clothing itself be the body, let it be asked who is He whose body is
clothing, and garment flesh? For to us it is evident that the flesh is the
garment, and the body the clothing of the Word; and He washed His bodily
substance, and purified the material of the flesh in blood, that is, in
wine, by His passion, in the human character that He had undertaken. Whence,
if indeed He is washed, He is man, because the garment which is washed is
the flesh; but He who washes is the Word of God, who, in order that He might
wash the garment, was made the taker-up of the garment. Rightly, from that
substance which is taken that it might be washed, He is revealed as a man,
even as from the authority of the Word who washed it He is manifested to be
God.
Chapter XXII. [5135] Argument That the Same Divine Majesty is in Christ,
He Once More Asserts by Other Scriptures.
But why, although we appear to hasten to another branch of the argument,
should we pass over that passage in the apostle: "Who, although He was in
the form of God, did not think it robbery that He should be equal with God;
but emptied Himself, taking up the form of a servant, being made in the
likeness of men; and found in fashion as a man, He humbled Himself, becoming
obedient even unto death, even the death of the cross. Wherefore also God
hath highly exalted Him, and hath given Him a name which is above every
name; that in the name of Jesus every knee should be bent, of things in
heaven, and things in earth, and things under the earth; and every tongue
should confess that Jesus is Lord, in the glory of God the Father? "
[5136] "Who, although He was in the form of God," he says. If Christ had
been only man, He would have been spoken of as in "the image" of God, not
"in the form" of God. For we know that man was made after the image or
likeness, not after the form, of God. Who then is that angel who, as we have
said, was made in the form of God? But neither do we read of the form of God
in angels, except because this one is chief and royal above all the Son of
God, the Word of God, the imitator of all His Father's works, in that He
Himself worketh even as His Father. He is as we have declared in the form of
God the Father. And He is reasonably affirmed to be in the form of God, in
that He Himself, being above all things, and having the divine power over
every creature, is also God after the example of the Father. Yet He
obtained, this from His own Father, that He should be both God of all and
should be Lord, and be begotten and made known from Himself as God in the
form of God the Father. He then, although He was in the form of God, thought
it not robbery that He should be equal with God. For although He remembered
that He was God from God the Father, He never either compared or associated
Himself with God the Father, mindful that He was from His Father, and that
He possessed that very thing that He is, because the Father had given it
Him. [5137] Thence, finally, both before the assumption of the flesh, and
moreover after the assumption of the body, besides, after the resurrection
itself, He yielded all obedience to the Father, and still yields it as ever.
Whence it is proved that He thought that the claim of a certain divinity
would be robbery, to wit, that of equalling Himself with God the Father;
but, on the other hand, obedient and subject to all His rule and will, He
even was contented to take on Him the form of a servant that is, to become
man; and the substance of flesh and body which, as it came to Him from the
bondage of His forefathers sins according to His manhood, He undertook by
being born, at which time moreover He emptied Himself, in that He did not
refuse to take upon Him the frailty incident to humanity. Because if He had
been born man only, He would not have been emptied in respect of this; for
man, being born, is increased, not emptied. For in beginning to be that
which He could not possess, so long as He did not exist, as we have said, He
is not emptied, but is rather increased and enriched. But if Christ is
emptied in being born, in taking the form of a servant, how is He man only?
Of whom it could more truly have been said that He was enriched, not
emptied, at the time that He was born, except because the authority of the
divine Word, reposing for awhile in taking upon itself humanity, and not
exercising itself with its real strength, casts itself down, and puts itself
off for the time, in bearing the humanity which it has undertaken? It
empties itself in descending to injuries and reproaches, in bearing
abominations, in experiencing things unworthy; and yet of this humility
there is present at once an eminent reward. For He has "received a name
which is above every name," which assuredly we understand to be none other
than the name of God. For since it belongs to God alone to be above all
things, it follows that the name which is that God's who is above all
things, is above every name; which name by consequence is certainly His who,
although He was "in the form of God, thought it not robbery for Him to be
equal with God." For neither, if Christ were not God, would every knee bend
itself in His name, "of things in heaven, and things in earth, and things
under the earth; "nor would things visible and invisible, even every
creature of all things, be subjected or be placed under man, when they might
remember that they were before man. Whence, since Christ is said to be in
the form of God, and since it is shown that for His nativity according to
the flesh He emptied Himself; and since it is declared that He received from
the Father that name which is above every name; and since it is shown that
in His name "every knee of things in heaven, and things in earth, and things
under the earth, bend and bow" themselves; and this very thing is asserted
to be a furtherance of the glory of God the Father; consequently He is not
man only, from the fact that He became obedient to the Father, even to
death, yea, the death of the cross; but, moreover, from the proclamation by
these higher matters of the divinity of Christ, Christ Jesus is shown to be
Lord and God, which the heretics will not have.
Chapter XXIII. [5138] Argument. And This is So Manifest, that Some
Heretics Have Thought Him to Be God the Father, Others that He Was Only God
Without the Flesh.
In this place I may be permitted also to collect arguments from the side of
other heretics. It is a substantial kind of proof which is gathered even
from an adversary, so as to prove the truth even from the very enemies of
truth. For it is so far manifest that He is declared in the Scriptures to be
God, that many heretics, moved by the magnitude and truth of this divinity,
exaggerating His honours above measure, have dared to announce or to think
Him not the Son, but God the Father Himself. [5139] And this, although it
is contrary to the truth of the Scriptures, is still a great and excellent
argument for the divinity of Christ, who is so far God, except as Son of
God, born of God, that very many heretics as we have said have so accepted
Him as God, as to think that He must be pronounced not the Son, but the
Father. Therefore let it be considered whether He is God or not, since His
authority has so affected some, that, as we have already said above, they
have thought Him God the Father Himself, and have confessed the divinity in
Christ with such impetuosity and effusion compelled to it by the manifest
divinity in Christ that they thought that He whom they read of as the Son,
because they perceived Him to be God, must be the Father. Moreover, other
heretics have so far embraced the manifest divinity of Christ, as to say
that He was without flesh, and to withdraw from Him the whole humanity which
He took upon Him, lest, by associating with Him a human nativity, as they
conceived it, they should diminish in Him the power of the divine name.
[5140] This, however, we do not approve; but we quote it as an argument to
prove that Christ is God, to this extent, that some, taking away the
manhood, have thought Him God only, and some have thought Him God the Father
Himself; when reason and the proportion of the heavenly Scriptures show
Christ to be God, but as the Son of God; and the Son of man, having been
taken up, moreover by God, that He must be believed to be man also. Because
if He came to man, that He might be Mediator of God and men, it behoved Him
to be with man, and the Word to be made flesh, that in His own self He might
link together the agreement of earthly things with heavenly things, by
associating in Himself pledges of both natures, and uniting God to man and
man to God; so that reasonably the Son of God might be made by the
assumption of flesh the Son of man, and the Son of man by the reception of
the Word of God the Son of God. This most profound and recondite mystery,
destined before the worlds for the salvation of the human race, is found to
be fulfilled in the Lord Jesus Christ, both God and man, that the human race
might be placed within the reach of the enjoyment of eternal salvation.
Chapter XXIV. [5141] Argument. That These Have Therefore Erred, by
Thinking that There Was No Difference Between the Son of God and the Son of
Man; Because They Have ILL Understood the Scripture.
But the material of that heretical error has arisen. as I judge, from this,
that they think that there is no distinction between the Son of God and the
Son of man; because if a distinction were made, Jesus Christ would easily be
proved to be both man and God. For they will have it that the self-same that
is man, the Son of man, appears also as the Son of God; that man and flesh
and that same frail substance may be said to be also the Son of God Himself.
Whence, since no distinction is discerned between the Son of man and the Son
of God, but the Son of man Himself is asserted to be the Son of God, the
same Christ and the Son of God is asserted to be man only; by which they
strive to exclude, "The Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us." [5142]
And ye shall call His name Emmanuel; which is, interpreted, God with us."
[5143] For they propose and put forward what is told in the Gospel of Luke,
whence they strive to maintain not what is the truth, but only what they
want it to be: "The Holy Spirit shall come upon thee, and the power of the
Highest shah overshadow thee; therefore also the Holy Thing which is born of
thee shall be called the Son of God." [5144] If, then, say they, the
angel of God says to Mary, "that Holy Thing which is born of thee," the
substance of flesh and body is of Mary; but he has set forth that this
substance, that is, that Holy Thing which is born of her, is the Son of God.
Man, say they, himself, and that bodily flesh; that which is called holy,
itself is the Son of God. That also when the Scripture says that "Holy
Thing," we should understand thereby Christ the man, the Son of man; and
when it places before us the Son of God, we ought to perceive, not man, but
God. And yet the divine Scripture easily convicts and discloses the frauds
and artifices of the heretics. For if it were thus only, "The Spirit shall
come upon thee, and the power of the Highest shall overshadow thee;
therefore that Holy Thing which is born of thee shall be called the Son of
God," perchance we should have had to strive against them in another sort,
and to have sought for other arguments, and to have taken up other weapons,
with which to overcome both their snares and their wiles; but since the
Scripture itself, abounding in heavenly fulness, divests itself of the
calumnies of these heretics, we easily depend upon that that is written, and
overcome those errors without any hesitation. For it said, not as we have
already stated, "Therefore the Holy Thing which shall be born of thee; "but
added the conjunction, for it says, "Therefore also that Holy Thing which
shall be born of thee," so as to make it plain that that Holy Thing which is
born of her that is, that substance of flesh and body is not the Son of God
primarily, but consequently, and in the secondary place; [5145] but
primarily, that the Son of God is the Word of God, incarnate by that Spirit
of whom the angel says, "The Spirit shall come upon thee, and the power of
the Highest shall overshadow thee." For He is the legitimate Son of God who
is of God Himself; and He, while He assumes that Holy Thing, and links to
Himself the Son of man, and draws Him and transfers Him to Himself, by His
connection and mingling of association becomes responsible for and makes Him
the Son of God, which by nature He was not, so that the original cause
[5146] of that name Son of God is in the Spirit of the Lord, who descended
and came, and that there is only the continuance of the name in the case of
the Son of man; [5147] and by consequence He reasonably became the Son of
God, although originally He is not the Son of God. And therefore the angel,
seeing that arrangement, and providing for that order of the mystery, did
not confuse every thing in such a way as to leave no trace of a distinction,
but established the distinction by saying, "Therefore also that Holy Thing
which shall be born of thee shall be called the Son of God; "lest, had he
not arranged that distribution with his balances, but had left the matter
all mixed up in confusion, it had really afforded occasion to heretics to
declare that the Son of man, in that He is man, is the same as the Son of
God and man. But now, explaining severally the ordinance and the reason of
so great a mystery, he evidently set forth in saying, "And that Holy Thing
which shall be born of thee shall be called the Son of God; "the proof that
the Son of God descended, and that He, in taking up into Himself the Son of
man, consequently made Him the Son of God, because the Son of God associated
and joined Him to Himself. So that, while the Son of man cleaves in His
nativity to the Son of God, by that very mingling He holds that as pledged
and derived which of His own nature He could not possess. And thus by the
word of the angel the distinction is made, against the desire of the
heretics, between the Son of God and man; yet with their association, by
pressing them to understand that Christ the Son of man is man, and also to
receive the Son of God and man the Son of God; that is, the Word of God as
it is written as God; and thus to acknowledge that Christ Jesus the Lord,
connected on both sides, so to speak, is on both sides woven in and grown
together, and associated in the same agreement of both substances, by the
binding to one another of a mutual alliance man and God by the truth of the
Scripture which declares this very thing.
Chapter XXV. [5148] Argument. And that It Does Not Follow Thence, that
Because Christ Died It Must Also Be Received that God Died; For Scripture
Sets Forth that Not Only Was Christ God, But Man Also.
Therefore, say they, if Christ is not man only, but God also and Scripture
tells us that He died for us, and was raised again then Scripture teaches us
to believe that God died; or if God does not die, and Christ is said to have
died, then Christ will not be God, because God cannot be admitted to have
died. If they ever could understand or had understood what they read, they
would never speak after such a perilous fashion. But the folly of error is
always hasty in its descent, and it is no new thing if those who have
forsaken the lawful faith descend even to perilous results. For if Scripture
were to set forth that Christ is God only, and that there was no association
of human weakness mingled in His nature, this intricate argument of theirs
might reasonably avail something. If Christ is God, and Christ died, then
God died. But when Scripture determines, as we have frequently shown, that
He is not only God, but man also, it follows that what is immortal may be
held to have remained uncorrupted. For who cannot understand that the
divinity is impassible, although the human weakness is liable to suffering?
When, therefore, Christ is understood to be mingled and associated as well
of that which God is, as of that which man is for "the Word was made flesh,
and dwelt in us" who cannot easily apprehend of himself, without any teacher
and interpreter, that it was not that in Christ that died which is God, but
that in Him died which is man? For what if the divinity in Christ does not
die, but the substance of the flesh only is destroyed, when in other men
also, who are not flesh only, but flesh and soul, the flesh indeed alone
suffers the inroads of wasting and death, while the soul is seen to be
uncorrupted, and beyond the laws of destruction and death? For this also our
Lord Himself said, exhorting us to martyrdom and to contempt of all human
power: "Fear not those who slay the body, but cannot kill the soul."
[5149] But if the immortal soul cannot be killed or slain in any other,
although the body and flesh by itself can be slain, how much rather
assuredly could not the Word of God and God in Christ be put to death at
all, although the flesh alone and the body was slain! For if in any man
whatever, the soul has this excellence of immortality that it cannot be
slain, much more has the nobility of the Word of God this power of not being
slain. For if the power of men fails to slay the sacred power of God, and if
the cruelty of man fails to destroy the soul, much more ought it to fail to
slay the Word of God. For as the soul itself, which was made by the Word of
God, is not killed by men, certainly much rather will it be believed that
the Word of God cannot be destroyed. And if the sanguinary cruelty of men
cannot do more against men than only to slay the body, how much more
certainly it will not have power against Christ beyond in the same way
slaying the body! So that, while from these considerations it is gathered
that nothing but the human nature in Christ was put to death, it appears
that the Word in Him was not drawn down into mortality. For if Abraham, and
Isaac, and Jacob, who, it is admitted, were only men, are manifested to be
alive for all they, [5150] says He, "live unto God; "and death in them
does not destroy the soul, although it dissolves the bodies themselves: for
it could exercise its power on the bodies, it did not avail to exercise it
on the souls: for the one in them was mortal, and therefore died; the other
in them was immortal, and therefore is understood not to have been
extinguished: for which reason they are affirmed and said to live unto
God, much rather death in Christ could have power against the material of
His body alone, while against the divinity of the Word it could not bring
itself to bear. For the power of death is broken when the authority of
immortality intervenes.
Chapter XXVI. [5151] Argument. Moreover, Against the Sabellians He Proves
that the Father is One, the Son Another.
But from this occasion of Christ being proved from the sacred authority of
the divine writings not man only, but God also, other heretics, breaking
forth, contrive to impair the religious position in Christ; by this very
fact wishing to show that Christ is God the Father, in that He is asserted
to be not man only, but also is declared to be God. For thus say they, If it
is asserted that God is one, and Christ is God, then say they, If the Father
and Christ be one God, Christ will be called the Father. Wherein they are
proved to be in error, not knowing Christ, but following the sound of a
name; for they are not willing that He should be the second person after the
Father, but the Father Himself. And since these things are easily answered,
few words shall be said. For who does not acknowledge that the person of the
Son is second after the Father, when he reads that it was said by the
Father, consequently to the Son, "Let us make man in our image and our
likeness; " [5152] and that after this it was related, "And God made man,
in the image of God made He him? "Or when he holds in his hands: "The Lord
rained upon Sodom and Gomorrha fire and brimstone from the Lord from heaven?
" [5153] Or when he reads (as having been said) to Christ: "Thou art my
Son, this day have I begotten Thee. Ask of me, and I will give Thee the
heathens for Thine inheritance, and the ends of the earth for Thy
possession? " [5154] Or when also that beloved writer says: The Lord said
unto my Lord, Sit Thou on my right hand, until I shall make Thine enemies
the stool of Thy feet? " [5155] Or when, unfolding the prophecies of
Isaiah, he finds it written thus: "Thus saith the Lord to Christ my Lord?
" [5156] Or when he reads: "I came not down from heaven to do mine own
will, but the will of Him that sent me? " [5157] Or when he finds it
written: "Because He who sent me is greater than I? " [5158] Or when he
considers the passage: "I go to my Father, and your Father; to my God, and
your God? " [5159] Or when he finds it placed side by side with others:
"Moreover, in your law it is written that the witness of two is true. I bear
witness of myself, and the Father who sent me beareth witness of me? "
[5160] Or when the voice from heaven is: "I have both glorified Him, and I
will glorify Him again? " [5161] Or when by Peter it is answered and
said: Thou art the Son of the living God? " [5162] Or when by the Lord
Himself the sacrament of this revelation is approved, and He says: "Blessed
art thou, Simon Barjona, because flesh and blood hath not revealed this to
thee, but my Father which is in heaven? [5163] Or when by Christ Himself
it is expressed: "Father, glorify me with that glory with which I was with
Thee before the world was made? [5164] Or when it was said by the same:
"Father, I knew that Thou hearest me always; but on account of those who
stand around I said it, that they may believe that Thou hast sent me? "
[5165] Or when the definition of the rule is established by Christ Himself,
and it is said: "And this is life eternal, that they should know Thee, the
only and true God, and Jesus Christ, whom Thou hast sent. I have glorified
Thee upon the earth, I have finished the work which Thou gavest me? "
[5166] Or when, moreover, by the same it is asserted and said: "All things
are delivered to me by my Father? " [5167] Or when the session at the
right hand of the Father is proved both by apostles and prophets? And I
should have enough to do were I to endeavour to gather together all the
passages [5168] whatever on this side; since the divine Scripture, not so
much of the Old as also of the New Testament, everywhere shows Him to be
born of the Father, by whom all things were made, and without whom nothing
was made, who always has obeyed and obeys the Father; that He always has
power over all things, but as delivered, as granted, as by the Father
Himself permitted to Him. And what can be so evident proof that this is not
the Father, but the Son; as that He is set forth as being obedient to God
the Father, unless, if He be believed to be the Father, Christ may be said
to be subjected to another God the Father?
Chapter XXVII. [5169] Argument. He Skilfully Replies to a Passage Which
the Heretics Employed in Defence of Their Own Opinion.
But since they frequently urge upon us the passage where it is said, "I and
the Father are one," [5170] in this also we shall overcome them with
equal facility. For if, as the heretics think, Christ were the Father, He
ought to have said, "I and the Father are one." [5171] But when He says
I, and afterwards introduces the Father by saying, "I and the Father," He
severs and distinguishes the peculiarity of His, that is, the Son's person,
from the paternal authority, not only in respect of the sound of the name,
but moreover in respect of the order of the distribution of power, since He
might have said, "I the Father," if He had had it in mind that He Himself
was the Father. And since He said "one" thing, let the heretics understand
that He did not say "one "person. For one placed in the neuter, intimates
the social concord, not the personal unity. He is said to be one neuter, not
one masculine, because the expression is not referred to the number, but it
is declared with reference to the association of another. Finally, He adds,
and says, "We are," not "I am," so as to show, by the fact of His saying" I
and the Father are," that they are two persons. Moreover, that He says
one, [5172] has reference to the agreement, and to the identity of
judgment, and to the loving association itself, as reasonably the Father and
Son are one in agreement, in love, and in affection; and because He is of
the Father, whatsoever He is, He is the Son; the distinction however
remaining, that He is not the Father who is the Son, because He is not the
Son who is the Father. For He would not have added "We are," if He had had
it in mind that He, the only and sole Father, had become the Son. In fine,
the Apostle Paul also apprehended this agreement of unity, with the
distinction of persons notwithstanding: for in writing to the Corinthians he
said, "I have planted, Apollos watered, but God gave the increase. Therefore
neither is he that planteth anything, nor he that watereth, but God who
gives the increase. Now he that planteth and he that watereth are one."
[5173] And who does not perceive that Apollos is one person and Paul
another, and that. Apollos and Paul are not one and the same person?
Moreover, also, the offices mentioned of each one of them are different; for
one is he who plants, and another he who waters. The Apostle Paul, however,
put forward these two not as being one person, but as being" one; "so that
although Apollos indeed is one, and Paul another, so far as respects the
distinction of persons, yet as far as respects their agreement both are
"one." For when two persons have one judgment, one truth, one faith, one and
the same religion, one fear of God also, they are one even although they are
two persons: they are the same, in that they have the same mind. Since those
whom the consideration of person divides from one another, these same again
are brought together as one by the consideration of religion. And although
they are not actually the self-same people, yet in feeling the same, they
are the same; and although they are two, are still one, as having an
association in faith, even although they bear diversity in persons. Besides,
when at these words of the Lord the Jewish ignorance had been aroused, so
that hastily they ran to take up stones, and said, "For a good work we stone
thee not, but for blasphemy; and because thou, being a man, makest thyself
God," [5174] the Lord established the distinction, in giving them the
principle on which He had either said that He was God, or wished it to be
understood, and says, "Say ye of Him, whom the Father sanctified, and sent
into this world, Thou blasphemest; because I said, I am. the Son of God?
" [5175] Even here also He said that He had the Father. He is therefore
the Son, not the Father: for He would have confessed that He was the Father
had He considered Himself to be the Father; and He declares that He was
sanctified by His Father. In receiving, then, sanctification from the
Father, He is inferior to the Father. Now, consequently, He who is inferior
to the Father, is not the Father, but the Son; for had He been the Father,
He would have given, and not received, sanctification. Now, however, by
declaring that He has received sanctification from the Father, by the very
fact of proving Himself to be less than the Father, by receiving from Him
sanctification, He has shown that He is the Son, and not the Father.
Besides, He says that He is sent: so that by that obedience wherewith the
Lord Christ came, being sent, He might be proved to be not the Father, but
the Son, who assuredly would have sent had He been the Father; but being
sent, He was not the Father, lest the Father should be proved, in being
sent, to be subjected to another God. And still after this He added what
might dissolve all ambiguity, and quench all the controversy of error: for
He says, in the last portion of His discourse, "Ye say, Thou blasphemest,
because I said I am the Son of God." Therefore if He plainly testifies that
He is the Son of God, and not the Father, it is an instance of great
temerity and excessive madness to stir up a controversy of divinity and
religion, contrary to the testimony of the Lord Christ Himself, and to say
that Christ Jesus is the Father, when it is observed that He has proved
Himself to be, not the Father, but the Son.
Chapter XXVIII. Argument. He Proves Also that the Words Spoken to Philip
Make Nothing for the Sabellians.
Hereto also I will add that view wherein the heretic, while he rejoices as
if at the loss of some power of seeing special truth and light, acknowledges
the total blindness of his error. For again and again, and frequently, he
objects that it was said, "Have I been so long time with you, and do ye not
know me, Philip? He who hath seen me, hath seen the Father also." [5176]
But let him learn what he does not understand. Philip is reproved, and
rightly, and deservedly indeed, because he has said, "Lord, show us the
Father, and it sufficeth us." [5177] For when had he either heard from
Christ, or learnt that Christ was the Father? although, on the other hand,
he had frequently heard, and had often learned, rather that He was the Son,
not that He was the Father. For what the Lord said, "If ye have known me, ye
have known my Father also: and henceforth ye have known Him, and have seen
Him," [5178] He said not as wishing to be understood Himself to be the
Father, but implying that he who thoroughly, and fully, and with all faith
and all religiousness, drew near to the Son of God, by all means shall
attain, through the Son Himself, in whom he thus believes, to the Father,
and shall see Him. "For no one," says He, "can come to the Father, but by
me." [5179] And therefore he shall not only come to God the Father, and
shall know the Father Himself; but, moreover, he ought thus to hold, and so
to presume in mind and heart, that he has henceforth not only known, but
seen the Father. For often the divine Scripture announces things that are
not yet done as being done, because thus they shall be; and things which by
all means have to happen, it does not predict as if they were future, but
narrates as if they were done. And thus, although Christ had not been born
as yet in the times of Isaiah the prophet, he said, "For unto us a child is
born; " [5180] and although Mary had not yet been approached, he said,
" And I approached unto the prophetess; and she conceived, and bare a
son." [5181] And when Christ had not yet made known the mind of the
Father, it is said, "And His name shall be called the Angel of Great
Counsel." [5182] And when He had not yet suffered, he declared, "He is as
a sheep led to the slaughter." [5183] And although the cross had never
yet existed, He said, "All day long have I stretched out my hands to an
unbelieving people." [5184] And although not yet had He been scornfully
given to drink, the Scripture says, "In my thirst they gave me vinegar to
drink." [5185] And although He had not yet been stripped, He said, "Upon
my vesture they did cast lots, and they numbered my bones: they pierced my
hands and my feet." [5186] For the divine Scripture, foreseeing, speaks
of things which it knows shall be as being already done, and speaks of
things as perfected which it regards as future, but which shall come to pass
without any doubt. And thus the Lord in the present passage said,
"Henceforth ye have known and have seen Him." Now He said that the Father
should be seen by whomsoever had followed the Son, not as if the Son Himself
should be the Father seen, but that whosoever was willing to follow Him, and
be His disciple, should obtain the reward of being able to see the Father.
For He also is the image of God the Father; so that it is added, moreover,
to these things, that "as the Father worketh, so also the Son worketh."
[5187] And the Son is an imitator [5188] of all the Father's works, so
that every one may regard it just as if he saw the Father, when he sees Him
who always imitates the invisible Father in all His works. But if Christ is
the Father Himself, in what manner does He immediately add, and say,
"Whosoever believeth in me, the works that I do he shall do also; and
greater works than these shall he do; because I go to my Father? [5189]
And He further subjoins, "If ye love me, keep my commandments; and I will
ask the Father, and He will give you another Comforter." [5190] After
which also He adds this: "If any one loveth me, he shall keep my word: and
my Father will love him; and we will come unto him, and will make our abode
with him." [5191] Moreover, also, He added this too: "But the Advocate,
that Holy Spirit whom the Father will send, He will teach you, and bring all
things to your remembrance, whatsoever I have said unto you." [5192] He
utters, further, that passage when He shows Himself to be the Son, and
reasonably subjoins, and says, "If ye loved me, ye would rejoice because I
go unto the Father: for the Father is greater than I." [5193] But what
shall we say when He also continues in these words: "I am the true vine, and
my Father is the husbandman. Every branch in me that beareth not fruit He
taketh away; and every branch that beareth fruit He purgeth, that it may
bring forth more fruit? " [5194] Still He persists, and adds: "As the
Father hath loved me, so also have I loved you: remain in my love. If ye
have kept my commandments, ye shall remain in my love; even as I have kept
the Father's commandments, and remain in His love." [5195] Further, He
says in addition: "But I have called you friends; for all things which I
have heard of my Father I have made known unto you." [5196] Moreover, He
adds to all this: "But all these things will they do unto you for my name s
sake, because they know not Him that sent me." [5197] These things then,
after the former, evidently attesting Him to be not the Father but the Son,
the Lord would never have added, if He had had it in mind, either that He
was the Father, or wished Himself to be understood as the Father, except
that He might declare this, that every man ought henceforth to consider, in
seeing the image of God the Father through the Son, that it was as if he saw
the Father; since every one believing on the Son may be exercised in the
contemplation of the likeness, so that, being accustomed to seeing the
divinity in likeness, he may go forward, and grow even to the perfect
contemplation of God the Father Almighty. And since he who has imbibed this
truth into his mind and soul, and has believed of all things that thus it
shall be, he shall even now see, as it were, in some measure the Father whom
he will see hereafter; and he may so regard it, as if he actually held, what
he knows for certain that he shall one day hold. But if Christ Himself had
been the Father, why did He promise as future, a reward which He had already
granted and given? For that He says, "Blessed are they of a pure heart, for
they shall see God," [5198] it is understood to promise the contemplation
and vision of the Father; therefore He had not given this; for why should He
promise if He had already given? For He had given if He was the Father: for
He was seen, and He was touched, But since, when Christ Himself is seen and
touched, He still promises, and says that he who is of a pure heart shall
see God, He proves by this very saying that He who was then present was not
the Father, seeing that He was seen, and yet promised that whoever should be
of a pure heart should see the Father. It was therefore not the Father, but
the Son, who promised this, because He who was the Son promised that which
had yet to be seen; and His promise would have been superfluous unless He
had been the Son. For why did He promise to the pure in heart that they
should see the Father, if already they who were then present saw Christ as
the Father? But because He was the Son, not the Father, rightly also He was
then seen as the Son, because He was the image of God; and the Father,
because He is invisible, is promised and pointed out as to be seen by the
pure in heart. Let it then be enough to have suggested even these points
against that heretic; a few words about many things. For a field which is
indeed both wide and expansive would be laid open if we should desire to
discuss that heretic more fully; seeing that bereaved, in these two
particulars, as it were of his eyes plucked out, he is altogether overcome
in the blindness of his doctrine.
Chapter XXIX. Argument. He Next Teaches Us that the Authority of the Faith
Enjoins, After the Father and the Son, to Believe Also on the Holy Spirit,
Whose Operations He Enumerates from Scripture.
Moreover, the order of reason, and the authority of the faith in the
disposition of the words and in the Scriptures of the Lord, admonish us
after these things to believe also on the Holy Spirit, once promised to the
Church, and in the appointed occasions of times given. For He was promised
by Joel the prophet, but given by Christ. "In the last days," says the
prophet, "I will pour out of my Spirit upon my servants and my
handmaids." [5199] And the Lord said, "Receive ye the Holy Ghost: whose
sins ye remit, they shall be remitted; and whose ye retain, they shall be
retained." [5200] But this Holy Spirit the Lord Christ calls at one time
"the Paraclete," at another pronounces to be the "Spirit of truth."
[5201] And He is not new in the Gospel, nor yet even newly given; for it was
He Himself who accused the people in the prophets, and in the apostles gave
them the appeal to the Gentiles. For the former deserved to be accused,
because they had contemned the law; and they of the Gentiles who believe
deserve to be aided by the defence of the Spirit, because they earnestly
desire to attain to the Gospel law. Assuredly in the Spirit there are
different kinds of offices, because in the times there is a different order
of occasions; and yet, on this account, He who discharges these offices is
not different, nor is He another in so acting, but He is one and the same,
distributing His offices according to the times, and the occasions and
impulses of things. Moreover, the Apostle Paul says, "Having the same
Spirit; as it is written, I believed, and therefore have I spoken; we also
believe, and therefore speak." [5202] He is therefore one and the same
Spirit who was in the prophets and apostles, except that in the former He
was occasional, in the latter always. But in the former not as being always
in them, in the latter as abiding always in them; and in the former
distributed with reserve, in the latter all poured out; in the former given
sparingly, in the latter liberally bestowed; not yet manifested before the
Lord's resurrection, but conferred after the resurrection. For, said He, "I
will pray the Father, and He will give you another Advocate, that He may be
with you for ever, even the Spirit of truth." [5203] And, "When He, the
Advocate, shall come, whom I shall send unto you from my Father, the Spirit
of truth who proceedeth from my Father." [5204] And, "If I go not away,
that Advocate shall not come to you; but if I go away, I will send Him to
you." [5205] And, "When the Spirit of truth shall come, He will direct
you into all the truth." [5206] And because the Lord was about to depart
to the heavens, He gave the Paraclete out of necessity to the disciples; so
as not to leave them in any degree orphans, [5207] which was little
desirable, and forsake them without an advocate and some kind of protector.
For this is He who strengthened their hearts and minds, who marked out the
Gospel sacraments, who was in them the enlightener of divine things; and
they being strengthened, feared, for the sake of the Lord's name, neither
dungeons nor chains, nay, even trod under foot the very powers of the world
and its tortures, since they were henceforth armed and strengthened by the
same Spirit, having in themselves the gifts which this same Spirit
distributes, and appropriates to the Church, the spouse of Christ, as her
ornaments. This is He who places prophets in the Church, instructs teachers,
directs tongues, gives powers and healings, does wonderful works, often
discrimination of spirits, affords powers of government, suggests counsels,
and orders and arranges whatever other gifts there are of charismata; and
thus make the Lord's Church everywhere, and in all, perfected and completed.
This is He who, after the manner of a dove, when our Lord was baptized, came
and abode upon Him, dwelling in Christ full and entire, and not maimed in
any measure or portion; but with His whole overflow copiously distributed
and sent forth, so that from Him others might receive some enjoyment of His
graces: the source of the entire Holy Spirit remaining in Christ, so that
from Him might be drawn streams of gifts and works, while the Holy Spirit
dwelt affluently in Christ. For truly Isaiah, prophesying this, said: "And
the Spirit of wisdom and understanding shall rest upon Him, the Spirit of
counsel and might, the Spirit of knowledge and piety; and the Spirit of the
fear of the Lord shall fill Him." [5208] This self-same thing also he
said in the person of the Lord Himself, in another place, "The Spirit of
the Lord is upon me; because He has anointed me, He has sent me to preach
the Gospel to the poor." [5209] Similarly David: "Wherefore God, even Thy
God, hath anointed Thee with the oil of gladness above thy fellows."
[5210] Of Him the Apostle Paul says: "For he who hath not the Spirit of
Christ is none of His." [5211] "And where the Spirit of the Lord is,
there is liberty." [5212] He it is who effects with water the second
birth as a certain seed of divine generation, and a consecration of a
heavenly nativity, the pledge of a promised inheritance, and as it were a
kind of handwriting of eternal salvation; who can make us God's temple, and
fit us for His house; who solicits the divine hearing for us with groanings
that cannot be uttered; filling the offices of advocacy, and manifesting the
duties of our defence, an inhabitant given for our bodies and an effector of
their holiness. Who, working in us for eternity, can also produce our bodies
at the resurrection of immortality, accustoming them to be associated in
Himself with heavenly power, and to be allied with the divine eternity of
the Holy Spirit. For our bodies are both trained in Him and by Him to
advance to immortality, by learning to govern themselves with moderation
according to His decrees. For this is He who "desireth against the flesh,"
because "the flesh resisteth against the Spirit." [5213] This is He who
restrains insatiable desires, controls immoderate lusts, quenches unlawful
fires, conquers reckless impulses, repels drunkenness, checks avarice,
drives away luxurious revellings, links love, binds together affections,
keeps down sects, orders the rule of truth, overcomes heretics, turns out
the wicked, guards the Gospel, Of this says the same apostle: "We have not
received the spirit of the world, but the Spirit which is of God." [5214]
Concerning Him he exultingly says: "And I think also that I have the Spirit
of God." [5215] Of Him he says: "The Spirit of the prophets is subject to
the prophets." [5216] Of Him also he tells: "Now the Spirit speaketh
plainly, that in the last times some shall depart from the faith, giving
heed to seducing spirits, doctrines of demons, who speak lies in hypocrisy,
having their conscience cauterized." [5217] Established in this Spirit,
"none ever calleth Jesus anathema; " [5218] no one has ever denied Christ
to be the Son of God, or has rejected God the Creator; no one utters any
words of his own contrary to the Scriptures; no one ordains other and
sacrilegious decrees; no one draws up different laws. [5219] Whosoever
shall blaspheme against Him, "hath not forgiveness, not only in this world,
but also not in the world to come." [5220] This is He who in the apostles
gives testimony to Christ; in the martyrs shows forth the constant
faithfulness of their religion; in virgins restrains the admirable
continency of their sealed chastity; in others, guards the laws of the
Lord's doctrine incorrupt and uncontaminated; destroys heretics, corrects
the perverse, condemns infidels, makes known pretenders; moreover, rebukes
the wicked, keeps the Church uncorrupt and inviolate, in the sanctity of a
perpetual virginity and truth.
Chapter XXX. Argument. In Fine, Notwithstanding the Said Heretics Have
Gathered the Origin of Their Error from Consideration of What is Written:
[5221] Although We Call Christ God, and the Father God, Still Scripture Does
Not Set Forth Two Gods, Any More Than Two Lords or Two Teachers.
And now, indeed, concerning the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit,
let it be sufficient to have briefly said thus much, and to have laid down
these points concisely, without carrying them out in a lengthened argument.
For they could be presented more diffusely and continued in a more expanded
disputation, since the whole of the Old and New Testaments might be adduced
in testimony that thus the true faith stands. But because heretics, ever
struggling against the truth, are accustomed to prolong the controversy of
pure tradition and Catholic faith, being offended against Christ; because He
is, moreover, asserted to be God by the Scriptures also, and this is
believed to be so by us; we must rightly that every heretical calumny may be
removed from our faith contend, concerning the fact that Christ is God also,
in such a way as that it may not militate against the truth of Scripture;
nor yet against our faith, how there is declared to be one God by the
Scriptures, and how it is held and believed by us. For as well they who say
that Jesus Christ Himself is God the Father, as moreover they who would have
Him to be only man, have gathered thence [5222] the sources and reasons
of their error and perversity; because when they perceived that it was
written [5223] that "God is one," they thought that they could not
otherwise hold such an opinion than by supposing that it must be believed
either that Christ was man only, or really God the Father. And they were
accustomed in such a way to connect their sophistries as to endeavour to
justify their own error. And thus they who say that Jesus Christ is the
Father argue as follows: If God is one, and Christ is God, Christ is the
Father, since God is one. If Christ be not the Father, because Christ is God
the Son, there appear to be two Gods introduced, contrary to the Scriptures.
And they who contend that Christ is man only, conclude on the other hand
thus: If the Father is one, and the Son another, but the Father is God and
Christ is God, then there is not one God, but two Gods are at once
introduced, the Father and the Son; and if God is one, by consequence Christ
must be a man, so that rightly the Father may be one God. Thus indeed the
Lord is, as it were, crucified between two thieves, [5224] even as He was
formerly placed; and thus from either side He receives the sacrilegious
reproaches of such heretics as these. But neither the Holy Scriptures nor we
suggest to them the reasons of their perdition and blindness, if they either
will not, or cannot, see what is evidently written in the midst of the
divine documents. For we both know, and read, and believe, and maintain that
God is one, who made the heaven as well as the earth, since we neither know
any other, nor shall we at any time know such, seeing that there is none.
"I," says He, "am God, and there is none beside me, righteous and a
Saviour." [5225] And in another place: "I am the first and the last, and
beside me there is no God who is as I." [5226] And, "Who hath meted out
heaven with a Span, and the earth with a handful? Who has suspended the
mountains in a balance, and the woods on scales? " [5227] And Hezekiah:
"That all may know that Thou art God alone." [5228] Moreover, the Lord
Himself: "Why askest thou me concerning that which is good? God alone is
good." [5229] Moreover, the Apostle Paul says: "Who only hath
immortality, and dwelleth in the light that no man can approach unto, whom
no man hath seen, nor can see." [5230] And in another place: "But a
mediator is not a mediator of one, but God is one." [5231] But even as we
hold, and read, and believe this, thus we ought to pass over no portion of
the heavenly Scriptures, since indeed also we ought by no means to reject
those marks of Christ's divinity which are laid down in the Scriptures, that
we may not, by corrupting the authority of the Scriptures, be held to have
corrupted the integrity of our holy faith. And let us therefore believe
this, since it is most faithful that Jesus Christ the Son of God is our Lord
and God; because "in the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God,
and God was the Word. The same was in the beginning with God." [5232]
And, "The Word was made flesh, and dwelt in us." [5233] And, "My Lord and
my God." [5234] And, "Whose are the fathers, and of whom according to the
flesh Christ came, who is over all, God blessed for evermore." [5235]
What, then, shall we say? Does Scripture set before us two Gods? How, then,
does it say that "God is one? "Or is not Christ God also? How, then, is it
said to Christ," My Lord and my God? "Unless, therefore, we hold all this
with fitting veneration and lawful argument, we shall reasonably be thought
to have furnished a scandal to the heretics, not assuredly by the fault of
the heavenly Scriptures, which never deceive; but by the presumption of
human error, whereby they have chosen to be heretics. And in the first
place, we must turn the attack against them who undertake to make against us
the charge of saying that there are two Gods. It is written, and they cannot
deny it, that "there is one Lord." [5236] What, then, do they think of
Christ? that He is Lord, or that He is not Lord at all? But they do not
doubt absolutely that He is Lord; therefore, if their reasoning be true,
here are already two Lords. How, then, is it true according to the
Scriptures, there is one Lord? And Christ is called the "one Master."
[5237] Nevertheless we read that the Apostle Paul also is a master.
[5238] Then, according to this, our Master is not one, for from these things
we conclude that there are two masters. How, then, according to the
Scriptures, is "one our Master, even Christ? "In the Scriptures there is one
"called good, even God; "but in the same Scriptures Christ is also asserted
to be good. There is not, then, if they rightly conclude, one good, but even
two good. How, then, according to the scriptural faith, is there said to be
only one good? But if they do not think that it can by any means interfere
with the truth that there is one Lord, that Christ also is Lord, nor with
the truth that one is our. Master, that Paul also is our master, or with the
truth that one is good, that Christ also is called good; on the same
reasoning, let them understand that, from the fact that God is one, no
obstruction arises to the truth that Christ also is declared to be God.
Chapter XXXI. Argument. But that God, the Son of God, Born of God the Father
from Everlasting, Who Was Always in the Father, is the Second Person to the
Father, Who Does Nothing Without His Father's Decree; And that He is Lord,
and the Angel of God's Great Counsel, to Whom the Father's Godhead is Given
by Community of Substance.
Thus God the Father, the Founder and Creator of all things, who only knows
no beginning, invisible, infinite, immortal, eternal, is one God; to whose
greatness, or majesty, or power, I would not say nothing can be preferred,
but nothing can be compared; of whom, when He willed it, the Son, the Word,
was born, who is not received [5239] in the sound of the stricken air, or
in the tone of voice forced from the lungs, but is acknowledged in the
substance of the power put forth by God, the mysteries of whose sacred and
divine nativity neither an apostle has learnt, nor prophet has discovered,
nor angel has known, nor creature has apprehended. To the Son alone they are
known, who has known the secrets of the Father. He then, since He was
begotten of the Father, is always in the Father. And I thus say always, that
I may show Him not to be unborn, but born. But He who is before all time
must be said to have been always in the Father; for no time can be assigned
to Him who is before all time. And He is always in the Father, unless the
Father be not always Father, only that the Father also precedes Him, in a
certain sense, since it is necessary in some degree that He should be before
He is Father. Because it is essential that He who knows no beginning must go
before Him who has a beginning; [5240] even as He is the less as knowing
that He is in Him, having an origin because He is born, and of like nature
with the Father in some measure by His nativity, although He has a beginning
in that He is born, inasmuch as He is born of that Fat, her who alone has no
beginning. He, then, when the Father willed it, proceeded from the Father,
and He who was in the Father came forth from the Father; and He who was in
the Father because He was of the Father, was subsequently with the Father,
because He came forth from the Father, that is to say, that divine substance
whose name is the Word, whereby all things were made, and without whom
nothing was made. For all things are after Him, because they are by Him. And
reasonably, He is before all things, but after the Father, since all things
were made by Him, and He proceeded from Him of whose will all things were
made. Assuredly God proceeding from God, causing a person second to the
Father as being the Son, but not taking from the Father that characteristic
that He is one God. For if He had not been born compared with Him who was
unborn, an equality being manifested in both He would make two unborn
beings, and thus would make two Gods. If He had not been begotten compared
with Him who was not begotten, and as being found equal they not being
begotten, would have reasonably given two Gods, and thus Christ would have
been the cause of two Gods. Had He been formed without beginning as the
Father, and He Himself the beginning of all things as is the Father, this
would have made two beginnings, and consequently would have shown to us two
Gods also. Or if He also were not the Son, but the Father begetting from
Himself another Son, reasonably, as compared with the Father, and designated
as great as He, He would have caused two Fathers, and thus also He would
have proved the existence of two Gods. Had He been invisible, as compared
with the Invisible, and declared equal, He would have shown forth two
Invisibles, and thus also He would have proved them to be two Gods. If
incomprehensible, [5241] if also whatever other attributes belong to the
Father, reasonably we say, He would have given rise to the allegation of two
Gods, as these people feign. But now, whatever He is, He is not of Himself,
because He is not unborn; but He is of the Father, because He is begotten,
whether as being the Word, whether as being the Power, or as being the
Wisdom, or as being the Light, or as being the Son; and whatever of these He
is, in that He is not from any other source, as we have already said before,
than from the Father, owing His origin to His Father, He could not make a
disagreement in the divinity by the number of two Gods, since He gathered
His beginning by being born of Him who is one God. In which kind, being both
as well only-begotten as first-begotten of Him who has no beginning, He is
the only one, of all things both Source and Head. And therefore He declared
that God is one, in that He proved Him to be from no source nor beginning,
but rather the beginning and source of all things. Moreover, the Son does
nothing of His own will, nor does anything of His own determination; nor
does He come from Himself, but obeys all His Father's commands and precepts;
so that, although birth proves Him to he a Son, yet obedience even to death
declares Him the minister of the will of His Father, of whom He is. Thus
making Himself obedient to His Father in all things, although He also is
God, yet He shows the one God the Father by His obedience, from whom also He
drew His beginning. And thus He could not make two Gods, because He did not
make two beginnings, seeing that from Him who has no beginning He received
the source of His nativity before all time. [5242] For since that is the
beginning to other creatures which is unborn, which God the Father only is,
being beyond a beginning of whom He is who was born, while He who is born of
Him reasonably comes from Him who has no beginning, proving that to be the
beginning from which He Himself is, even although He is God who is born, yet
He shows Him to be one God whom He who was born proved to be without a
beginning. He therefore is God, but begotten for this special result, that
He should be God. He is also the Lord, but born for this very purpose of the
Father, that He might be Lord. He is also an Angel, but He was destined of
the Father as an Angel to announce the Great Counsel of God. And His
divinity is thus declared, that it may not appear by any dissonance or
inequality of divinity to have caused two Gods. For all things being
subjected to Him as the Son by the Father, while He Himself, with those
things which are subjected to Him, is subjected to His Father, He is indeed
proved to be Son of His Father; but He is found to be both Lord and God of
all else. Whence, while all things put under Him are delivered to Him who is
God, and all things are subjected to Him, the Son refers all that He has
received to the Father, remits again to the Father the whole authority of
His divinity. The true and eternal Father is manifested as the one God, from
whom alone this power of divinity is sent forth, and also given and directed
upon the Son, and is again returned by the communion of substance to the
Father. God indeed is shown as the Son, to whom the divinity is beheld to be
given and extended. And still, nevertheless, the Father is proved to be one
God; while by degrees in reciprocal transfer that majesty and divinity are
again returned and reflected as sent by the Son Himself to the Father, who
had given them; so that reasonably God the Father is God of all, and the
source also of His Son Himself whom He begot as Lord. Moreover, the Son is
God of all else, because God the Father put before all Him whom He begot.
Thus the Mediator of God and men, Christ Jesus, having the power of every
creature subjected to Him by His own Father, inasmuch as He is God; with
every creature subdued to Him, found at one with His Father God, has, by
abiding in that condition that He moreover "was heard," [5243] briefly
proved God His Father to be one and only and true God.
Two Notes by the American Editor.
P. 609. The author's elucidation of the figure, anthropopathy, is an
enlargement of Clement's casual remarks in the Stromata (cap. xvi. vol. ii.
p. 363, this series). Consult On the Figurative Language of Holy Scripture,
Jones of Nayland, Works, vol. iv. ed. 1801.
P. 630, note 5. Compare Waterland, vol. ii. p. 210, ed. 1823; also Life of
Bishop Bull, by Robert Nelson, p. 260. For the extraordinary history of
Bull's work in France, see the said Life, pp. 327-333. For Petavius,
Waterland, vol. ii. p. 277, and Bull's Life, p. 243. Petavius seems to have
had a crafty design to sustain the Council of Trent by arguing that the
Council of Nicaea also made new dogmas. Bull proves that it only bore
witness to the old. To the honour of the assembled bishops of the Gallican
Church, they sustained Bull against the Jesuit.
Footnotes
[4957] Which we call the Creed.
[4958] From the ninth Chapter to the twenty-eighth he enters upon the
dilffuse explanation also of those words of our creed which commend to us
faith in the Son of God, Jesus Christ, the Lord our God, the Christ promised
in the Old Testament, and proves by the authority of the old and new
covenant that He is very man and very God. In Chapter eighteenth he refutes
the error of the Sabellians, and by the authority of the sacred writings he
establishes the distinction of the Father and of the Son, and replies to the
objections of the abovenamed heresiarchs and others. In the twenty-ninth
Chapter he treats of faith in the Holy Spirit, saying that finally the
authority of the high admonishes us, after the Father and the Son, to
believe also on the Holy Spirit, whose operations he recounts and proves
from the Scriptures. He then labours to associate the unity of God with the
matters previously contended for, and at length sets forth the sum of the
doctrines above explained. [Anthropopathy, see cap. v. p. 615.]
[4959] "Mensurnis," or otherwise "menstruis."
[4960] [Jer. v. 22. Compare sublime page with paganism.]
[4961] "Inventionis." "Redemptionis" is a reasonable emendation.
[4962] Or probably, "Neither indeed is," etc. [Vol. iii. p. 428.]
[4963] Viritior. [See Robert Hall on French Atheism.]
[4964] Ps. cxlviii. 5.
[4965] Ps. ciii. 24.
[4966] Deut. iv. 39.
[4967] Ps. ciii. 32.
[4968] Isa. xl. 22, 12.
[4969] Isa. xlv. 22.
[4970] Isa. xiii. 8.
[4971] Isa. lxvi. 1. [No portable or pocket god.]
[4972] Isa. lxvi. 2.
[4973] Isa. xlv. 7. [ A lesson to our age.]
[4974] Rom. i. 20. ["So that they are without excuse."]
[4975] 1 Tim. i. 17.
[4976] Rom. xi. 33.
[4977] Gen. i. 31.
[4978] In other words, God is always the same in essence, in personality,
and in attributes.
[4979] Mal. iii. 6.
[4980] Ex. iii. 14. [The ineffable name of the Self-Existent.]
[4981] Ps. xxxiv. 15. [Anthropopathy, p. 611.]
[4982] Gen. viii. 21.
[4983] Ex. xxxi. 18.
[4984] Ps. cxxxvi. 12.
[4985] Isa. i. 21.
[4986] Isa. lxvi. 1. [Capp. v. and vi. are specimens of vigorous
thought.]
[4987] 2 Chron. xix. 16.
[4988] Ps. cxxxix. 8, 9, 10.
[4989] John iv. 21.
[4990] John iv. 24.
[4991] sc. in the Old Testament.
[4992] That is to say, "of Birth and dissolution." [He is the Now.]
[4993] 1 Cor. ii. 9.
[4994] [ Ex. iii. 2. Not consuming. Heb. xii. 29, "consuming."]
[4995] [Madame de Stael has beautifully remarked on the benefit conferred
upon humanity by Him who authorized us to say," Our Father." "Scientific"
atheism gives nothing instead.]
[4996] Matt. x. 29, 30.
[4997] [ Ezek. i. 10 and Rev. iv. 7.]
[4998] [The science of the third century had overruled the Pythagorean
system, and philosophers bound the Church and the human mind in the chains
of false science for ages. The revival of true science was due to
Copernicus, a Christian priest, and to Galileo,and other Christians. Let
this be noted.]
[4999] " Vigent," or otherwise " lucent."
[5000] " Ministraret" seems to be preferable to " monstraret."
[5001] [Our author's genius actually suggests a theory, in this Chapter,
concerning the zoa, or "living creatures," which anticipates all that is
truly demonstrated by the "evolutionists," and which harmonizes the variety
of animated natures. Rev. v. 13, 14.]
[5002] Ps. lxviii. 18.
[5003] [The universe is here intended, as in Milton, "this pendent
world." Parad. Lost, book ii. 1052.]
[5004] Rom. xi. 33. "Note also the rest of the text" is our author s
additional comment.
[5005] Gen. xvii. 8.
[5006] Gen. xlix. 10.
[5007] Ex. iv. 13.
[5008] Deut. xviii. 15.
[5009] Deut. xxviii. 66.
[5010] Isa. xi. 1.
[5011] Isa. vii. 13.
[5012] Isa. xxxv. 3-6.
[5013] Isa. xiii. 2, 3.
[5014] Isa. lv. 3.
[5015] Isa. lv. 4, 5.
[5016] Isa. liii. 7.
[5017] Isa. liii. 5.
[5018] Isa. liii. 2.
[5019] Isa. lxv. 2.
[5020] Isa. xi. 10.
[5021] Hos. vi. 3.
[5022] Ps. cx. 1, 2.
[5023] Ps. ii. 8.
[5024] Ps. lxxii. 1.
[5025] John i. 14. [Of fables and figments, see cap. viii. p. 617.]
[5026] 2 Cor. xvi. 50. [Vol. iii. p. 521, this series.]
[5027] Scil. in its alternative.
[5028] Matt. xxiii. 42 et seq.
[5029] Gal. iv. 4.
[5030] Luke vi.5.
[5031] Hos. i. 7.
[5032] Isa. vii. 14.
[5033] Matt. xxviii. 20.
[5034] Isa. xxxv. 3, etc.
[5035] Heb. iii. 3. [See English margin, and Robinson, i. p. 552.]
[5036] John i. 13. [For Sabellius, see p. 128, supra.]
[5037] Rev. xix. 13.
[5038] Ps. xlv. 1.
[5039] Ps. xlv. 1.
[5040] John i. 3.
[5041] Col. i. 16.
[5042] John i. 10, 11.
[5043] John i. 1.
[5044] Ps. xix. 6, 7.
[5045] John iii. 13.
[5046] John xvii. 5. [Note this exposition.]
[5047] John x. 30.
[5048] John xx. 28.
[5049] Rom. ix. 5.
[5050] Gal. i. 1 and al. i. 12.
[5051] John iii. 31.
[5052] John i. 15.
[5053] John v. 19.
[5054] John v. 26.
[5055] John vi. 51.
[5056] John vi. 46.
[5057] John vi. 62.
[5058] According to Pamelius, ch. xxiii.
[5059] John viii. 14, 15.
[5060] John viii. 23.
[5061] John viii. 41.
[5062] Ps. xlv. 1.
[5063] John i. 3.
[5064] John i. 1.
[5065] John viii. 51.
[5066] John viii. 58.
[5067] John x. 27, 28.
[5068] John x. 30.
[5069] John x. 35, 36.
[5070] " Dispositione," scil. oikonomia. Jackson.
[5071] According to Pamelius, ch. xxiv.
[5072] John xi. 26.
[5073] John xvi. 14.
[5074] John xvii. 3.
[5075] [That is, "the prescribed rule" of our Catholic orthodoxy
reflects the formula of our Lord's testimony concerning Himself. Here is a
reference to testimony of the early creeds and canons.]
[5076] [That is, "the prescribed rule" of our Catholic orthodoxy
reflects the formula of our Lord's testimony concerning Himself. Here is a
reference to testimony of the early creeds and canons.]
[5077] John xvii. 5.
[5078] According to Pamelius, ch. xxv.
[5079] John i. 3.
[5080] Ps. xlv. 1.
[5081] Ps. xlv. 1. [As understood by the Father passim. See Justin, vol.
i. p. 213; Theophilus, ii. 98; Tertullian, iv. 365; Origen, iv. 352, 421;
and Cyprian, v. p. 516, supra.]
[5082] John i. 14.
[5083] Gen. i. 26.
[5084] Gen. i. 27.
[5085] Gen. xi. 7.
[5086] Deut. xxxii. 8. [ estēsen oria ethnōn kata arithmon allelōn
Theou, Sept.]
[5087] Eph. iv. 10.
[5088] According to Pamelius, ch. xxvi.
[5089] Gen. xii. 7.
[5090] Ex. xxxiii. 20.
[5091] 1 John iv. 12.
[5092] 1 Tim. vi. 16.
[5093] [This leading up and educating of humanity to "see God" is here
admirably put. Heb. i. 3.]
[5094] [De subordinatione, etc.: Bull, Defensio, etc., vol. v. pp. 767,
685. The Nicene doctrine includes the subordination of the Son.]
[5095] [ Isa. ix. 6, according to the Seventy. Ex. xxiii. 20. See Bull,
Defensio, etc., vol. v. p. 30. Comp. Hippol., p. 225, supra; Novatian, p.
632, infra.]
[5096] [De subordinatione, etc.: Bull, Defensio, etc., vol. v. pp. 767,
685. The Nicene doctrine includes the subordination of the Son.]
[5097] Gen. xix. 24.
[5098] Amos iv. 11.
[5099] Gen. xxi. 17, etc.
[5100] [See note 2, p. 628, supra.]
[5101] Gen. xxi. 18.
[5102] Gen. xxi. 20.
[5103] [See vol. i. p. 184.]
[5104] Isa. ix. 6, LXX.
[5105] [Among the apparitions are noted Gen. xxxii. 24, Ex. iii., Num.
xxii. 21, Josh. v. 13, 1 Kings xxviii. 11.]
[5106] According to Pamelius, ch. xxvii.
[5107] Gen. xxxi. 11-13.
[5108] [ Eccles. v. 6. A striking text when compared with the "Angel of
the Covenant" ( Angelus Testamenti, Vulgate), Mal. iii. 1.]
[5109] Gen. xxxii. 24-27. [Vol. iv. 390, this series.]
[5110] Gen. xxxii. 30, 31.
[5111] Gen. xlviii. 14, 15.
[5112] Benedicat.
[5113] [A very beautiful patristic idea of the dim vision of the cross
to which the Fathers were admitted, but which they understood not,: even
when they predicted it. 1 Pet. x. 11.]
[5114] According to Pamelius, ch. xv.
[5115] [ Ps. xcvii. 7; John x. 36; Hippol., p. 153, supra.]
[5116] Ps. lxxxii. 1, 22, etc.
[5117] Ex. vii. 1.
[5118] [The full meaning of which only comes out in the Gospel and in 2
Pet. i. 4. The lie of Gen. iii. 5, is made true in Christ.]
[5119] John iii. 34, 35.
[5120] [ Rev. xi. 15.]
[5121] According to Pamelius, ch. xvi.
[5122] John ii. 19.
[5123] John x. 18.
[5124] John i. 3.
[5125] [ John v. 19 The infirmities of language are such that cunning
men like Petavius can construct ante-Nicene doctrine out of Scripture
itself; and the marvel is, that the Christian Fathers before the Council of
Nicaea generally use such precision of language, although they lacked the
synodical definitions.]
[5126] Col. i. 15.
[5127] John iii. 31, 32.
[5128] John iv. 38.
[5129] Isa. ix. 6.
[5130] Col. i. 15. [But not a creature, for the apostle immediately
subjoins that He is the Creatpr and final Cause of the universe. Moreover,
the first-born here seems to mean the heir of all creation, for such is the
logical force of the verse following. So, prōtotokeia (in the Seventy) =
heirship. Gen. xxv. 31.)
[5131] 1 Tim. ii. 5.
[5132] Col. ii. 15.
[5133] Perhaps the emendation komine instead of homo is right. "He
puts on and puts off humanity, as if it were a kind of tunic for a compacted
body."
[5134] Gen. xlix. 11.
[5135] According to Pamelius, ch. xvii.
[5136] Phil. ii. 6-11.
[5137] [Not "a seipso Deus." See Bull, Defens., vol. v. p. 685.]
[5138] According to Pamelius, ch. xviii.
[5139] [The Noetians, Hippol., p. 148, supra.]
[5140] [ Irenaeus, vol. i. p. 527.]
[5141] According to Pamelius, ch. xix.
[5142] John i. 14.
[5143] Matt. i. 23.
[5144] Luke i. 35.
[5145] "The miraculous generation is here represented as the natural,but
by no means as the only cause for which He who had no human father was to
receive the name of God's Son." Oosterzee, in loco, on Luke. Tr.
[5146] Principalitas.
[5147] The edition of Pamelius reads: ut sequela nominis in Filio Dei
et hominis sit. The words Dei et were expelled by Welchman,whom we have
followed.
[5148] According to Pamelius, ch. xx.
[5149] Matt. x. 28.
[5150] [ Luke xx. 38. A solemn admonition is found in the parallel
Scripture, Matt. xxii. 29, which teaches us how much we ought to find
beneath the surface of Holy Writ.]
[5151] According to Pamelius, ch. xxi.
[5152] Gen. i. 26.
[5153] Gen. xix. 24.
[5154] Ps. ii. 7, 8.
[5155] Ps. cx. 1.
[5156] Isa. xlv. 1. Some transcriber has written Kuriō for Kurō,"the
Lord" for "Cyrus," and the mistake has been followed by the author.
[5157] John vi. 38.
[5158] John xiv. 28.
[5159] John xx. 17.
[5160] John viii. 17, 18.
[5161] John xii. 20.
[5162] Matt. xvi. 16.
[5163] Matt. xvi. 17.
[5164] John xvii. 5.
[5165] John xi. 12.
[5166] John xviii. 3, 4.
[5167] Luke x. 22.
[5168] [ Cap. xxi. p. 632, supra.]
[5169] According to Pamelius, ch. xxii.
[5170] John x. 30; scil. " unum," Gr. en.
[5171] Original, " unas." Scil. person.
[5172] Neuter.
[5173] 1 Cor. iii. 6, 7, 88 ( scil. en).
[5174] John x. 33.
[5175] John x. 36.
[5176] John xiv. 9.
[5177] John xiv. 8.
[5178] John xiv. 7.
[5179] John xiv. 6.
[5180] Isa. ix. 6.
[5181] Isa. viii. 3.
[5182] Isa. ix. 6, LXX. [See pp. 628, 632, supra.]
[5183] Isa. liii. 7.
[5184] Isa. lxv. 2.
[5185] Ps. lxix. 21.
[5186] Ps. xxii. 18, 17.
[5187] John v. 17.
[5188] [Cap. xxi. note 5, 632, supra.]
[5189] John xiv. 12.
[5190] John xiv. 15, 16.
[5191] John xiv. 23.
[5192] John xiv. 26.
[5193] John xiv. 28.
[5194] John xv. 1.
[5195] John xv. 9, 100.
[5196] John xv . 15.
[5197] John xv. 21.
[5198] Matt. v. 8.
[5199] Joel ii. 28; Acts ii. 17.
[5200] John xx. 22, 23.
[5201] John xiv. 16, 17.
[5202] 2 Cor. iv. 13.
[5203] John xiv. 16, 17.
[5204] John xv. 20.
[5205] John xvi. 7.
[5206] John xvi. 13.
[5207] [ John xiv. 18, Greek.]
[5208] Isa. xi. 2, 3.
[5209] Isa. lxi. 1.
[5210] Ps. xlv. 7.
[5211] Rom. viii. 9.
[5212] 2 Cor. iii. 17.
[5213] Gal. v. 17.
[5214] 1 Cor. ii. 12.
[5215] 1 Cor. vii. 40.
[5216] 1 Cor. xiv. 32.
[5217] 1 Tim. iv. 1.
[5218] 1 Cor. xii. 3.
[5219] [To commit any one of these errors, he thinks, is to prove one s
self "sensual, having not the Spirit." Jude rg; Rom. viii. 7.]
[5220] Matt. xxi. 32.
[5221] "There is one God."
[5222] Scil. from Scripture.
[5223] [ Gal. iii. 20; Deut. vi. 4.]
[5224] [" Non semper pendebit inter latrones Christus; aliquando
resurget Crucifixa Veritas." - Sebastion Castilio.]
[5225] Isa. xliii. 11.
[5226] Isa. xliv. 6, 7.
[5227] Isa. xl. 12.
[5228] Isa. xxxvii. 20.
[5229] Matt. xix. 17.
[5230] 1 Tim. vi. 16.
[5231] Gal. iii. 20.
[5232] John i. 1, 2.
[5233] John i. 14.
[5234] John xx. 28.
[5235] Rom. ix. 5.
[5236] Deut. vi. 4.
[5237] Matt. xxiii. 8-10.
[5238] didaskalos.
[5239] As the Word formed. [He expounds Ps. xliv. (xlv.), Sept.]
[5240] ["In a sense;" i.e., in logic, not time.]
[5241] [Compare the Athanasian Confession.]
[5242] [As in the Athanasian Confession.]
[5243] There is apparently some indistinct reference here to the passage
in Heb. v. 7, "and was heard in that He feared" apo tēs eulubeias. [For
the Angel of Great Counsel, see p. 629, supra.]
Also, see links to 3500 other Manuscripts:
/believe/txv/earlychs.htm
E-mail to: BELIEVE
The main BELIEVE web-page (and the index to subjects) is at:
BELIEVE Religious Information Source - By Alphabet
http://mb-soft.com/believe/indexaz.html