The Protestant ethic, also called the work ethic, is a code of morals based on the principles of thrift, discipline, hard work, and individualism.新教伦理，也叫职业道德，是道德守则的节俭，纪律，勤奋工作，和个人主义的原则为基础。The adjective Protestant is explained by the fact that these qualities were seen to have been especially encouraged by the Protestant religion, especially those denominations based on the tenets of Calvinism.形容词新教的解释是，这些素质被视为已特别是新教的宗教，特别是那些对加尔文的信条的教派鼓舞的事实。The major formulators of the concept of the Protestant ethic were the German political philosopher and sociologist Max Weber and the English historian Richard H. Tawney.对新教伦理观念的主要配方是德国政治哲学家和社会学家马克斯韦伯和英国史学家理查德H.托尼。Both men saw a close relationship between the Protestant ethic and the rise of capitalism.只见两人之间的新教伦理与资本主义的兴起密切的关系。
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Weber's theories, first put forth in 1905, were widely circulated, defended, and criticized.韦伯的理论，首次提出在1905年提出的，被广为流传，辩护，并批评。Tawney's major work on the subject, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism, was published in 1926.陶尼的关于这个问题，宗教与资本主义的兴起主要工作，是出版于1926年。Tawney basically agreed with Weber, although he put less emphasis on the causal relationship between Protestantism and capitalism and less emphasis on the Calvinism.陶尼基本上同意韦伯，虽然他把新教与资本主义之间和减少对加尔文强调因果关系不太重视。He pointed out that modern capitalism had begun to emerge long before the Protestant Reformation; he cited such 15th-century commercial centers as Venice, Florence, and Flanders as examples of this emerging capitalism.他指出，现代资本主义已开始出现前宗教改革长;他引为这一新兴资本主义的例子，如15世纪的威尼斯，佛罗伦萨，和佛兰德的商业中心。 According to Tawney, the fact that the established churches--the Roman Catholic church on the Continent and the Anglican church in England--were so closely allied with the old landholding aristocracy caused the newly emerging middle class to gravitate toward the new Protestant sects.据托尼，认为建立教会的事实 - 罗马天主教教会在欧洲大陆和英国圣公会教堂 - 是如此紧密地与旧的土地持有贵族结盟所造成的新兴中产阶级倾向于新的新教教派。In sum, the two institutions developed side by side, without one "causing" the other.总之，这两个机构并存发展，无一“导致”对方。
The idea of the Protestant ethic has had substantial influence in 20th-century history, sociology, and political science.而新教伦理观念已在20世纪的历史学，社会学，政治学和实质性的影响。 Nationalism and socialism, for example, are seen by some as being secular ethics affecting types of economic development.民族主义和社会主义的，例如，是被有些人看作是影响经济发展类型的世俗道德。Other theorists focus on the relative decline of capitalist economic influence in the United States and Great Britain, a result, they claim, of a deterioration in the Protestant ethic among the peoples of those countries.其他理论家着眼于资本主义经济的影响力相对下降，美国和英国，因此，他们声称在这些国家之间人民的新教伦理恶化。
David Westby大卫韦斯特比
Bibliography
参考书目
Eisenberger,
Robert, Blue Monday: The Loss of the Work Ethic in America (1989); Eisenstadt,
Schmuel N., ed., The Protestant Ethic and Modernization; A Comparative View
(1968); Green, Rupert W., ed., Protestantism and Capitalism: The Weber Thesis
and Its Critics (1959); Jacobs, Norman, The Origin of Modern Capitalism and
Eastern Asia (1958; repr. 1980); Samuelsson, Kurt, Religion and Economic Action:
A Critique of Max Weber, trans.
Eisenberger，罗伯特，蓝色星期一：对在美国（1989年）工作伦理的丧失;艾森斯塔特，Schmuel
N.，教育署，新教伦理与现代化;一个比较查看（1968），绿，鲁珀特W.，ED新教与资本主义：韦伯论文和批评（1959年）;雅各布，诺曼，现代资本主义和东亚起源（1958年再版1980年）;
Samuelsson先生，库尔特，宗教和经济行动：马克斯韦伯，反批判。by EG French
(1961).例如由法国（1961年）。
This subject presentation in the original English language这在原来的主题演讲， 英语