The term scholasticism (from the Latin schola, "school") refers properly both to the doctrine and method of teaching in the medieval European schools and to their successive revivals to the present day.经院哲学术语（来自拉丁文schola，“学校”）是指既要妥善主义和中世纪欧洲的学校的教学方法和他们连续复兴到今天。 As a method, scholasticism involves (1) the close, detailed reading (lectio) of a particular book recognized as a great or authoritative work of human or divine origin--for example, Aristotle in logic, Euclid in geometry, Cicero in rhetoric, Avicenna and Galen in medicine, the Bible in theology-- and (2) the open discussion (disputatio) in strict logical form of a relevant question (quaestio) arising from the text.作为一种方法，士林包括：（1）收盘时，作为一个伟大的人或神源或权威认可的工作特别是书中详细阅读（lectio） - 例如，在亚里士多德逻辑，欧几里德几何，修辞西塞罗，阿维森纳和盖伦，在神学圣经中医药 - 和（2）严格的公开讨论的有关问题从文本产生（quaestio）逻辑形式（disputatio）。As a doctrine, scholasticism refers to the kind of philosophy, theology, medicine, and law (canon and civil) taught by the faculties responsible for these disciplines.作为一种学说，是指经院哲学，神学，医学，法律（佳能和民间）由学院负责教授这些学科的一种。These four faculties constituted the medieval universities that began to be organized in the 12th century, beginning in Bologna, Paris, and Oxford.这四个学院构成的开始是在12世纪的组织，在博洛尼亚，巴黎和牛津大学中世纪开始。
The most important faculties, however, were arts (philosophy) and theology, and the term scholasticism is usually understood in the context of those disciplines.最重要的院系，但是，是艺术（哲学）和神学和经院哲学一词通常是在这些学科的背景下理解。
The basic philosophy of the faculty of arts was Aristotelian because the greatest and most authoritative books in philosophy were believed to be Aristotle's.该艺术学院的基本理念是亚里士多德，因为在哲学上最伟大，最权威的书籍被认为是亚里士多德的。Aristotle, however, was interpreted differently by different professors depending on the commentaries used, notably those of "the Commentator," Averroes; the Christian Neoplatonist, Saint Augustine; or the pagan Neoplatonist, Avicenna.亚里士多德，然而，不同的解释不同，具体取决于所使用的评注，特别是对“的评论员，”阿威罗伊的教授，基督教的柏拉图，圣奥古斯丁，或异教徒的柏拉图，阿维森纳。
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Scholasticism is generally divided into three periods: medieval scholasticism, extending from Boethius (5th-6th century) to the 16th century, with its Golden Age in the 13th century; "second scholasticism," beginning in the 16th century with Thomas de Vio Cajetan, Conrad Koellin, Peter Crokert, Francesco de Vittoria, and Francisco Suarez; and neoscholasticism, beginning in the early 19th century, given impetus by the encyclical Aeterni Patris (1879) of Pope Leo XIII, and continuing at least until the Second Vatican Council (1962-65).士林一般分为三个时期：中世纪经院哲学的延伸，从波爱修斯（第5〜6世纪）到16世纪，其在13世纪黄金时代;“第二院哲学”与托马斯DE比奥Cajetan在16世纪初，康拉德Koellin，彼得Crokert，弗朗切斯科德维多利亚，和弗朗西斯科苏亚雷斯和neoscholasticism，开始在19世纪初，由于受谕Aeterni Patris（1879年），教皇利奥十三世动力，至少要等到第二次梵蒂冈会议（1962年继续-65）。
In a stricter sense, scholasticism began with the Sentences (c.1150) of Peter Lombard, the Decretum (c.1150) of Gratian, and the flood of new Latin translations of classical philosophers, including all of Aristotle, made from Greek and Arabic throughout the second half of the 12th century.在严格意义上说，经院哲学开始与彼得伦巴第，在Gratian Decretum（c.1150），以及新的拉丁文翻译古典哲学家，包括亚里士多德的所有洪水句子（c.1150）制成，希腊语和阿拉伯语在整个12世纪下半叶。 Assimilation of this new learning took place in the universities of the 13th century through the genius of the Dominicans Saint Albertus Magnus and his great pupil Thomas Aquinas, whose Summa Theologicae is widely regarded as the pinnacle of scholastic theology; and of the Franciscans Saint Bonaventure, John Duns Scotus, and William of Occam (early 14th century), who challenged the Dominican school.这种新的学习吸收发生在13世纪的大学里通过多米尼加圣阿尔伯图斯Magnus和他的伟大的学生托马斯阿奎那，其大全Theologicae被广泛作为学术神学的顶峰视为天才，以及圣方济文德，约翰邓司各脱和奥卡姆的威廉（14世纪初），谁挑战多米尼加学校。
With the multiplication of universities between the 14th and 16th centuries came a decline in the standard of teaching and the caliber of teachers, and a "logicism" or formalism of thought that aroused the animosity of a new humanism that arose mainly outside university circles.随着之间的第14和16世纪大学的乘法来了在教学和教师的素质水准下降，而“逻辑主义”或形式主义的思想引起了一个新的人文主义的大学圈子外面出现的主要敌意。 The term scholasticism then began to be used in a derogatory sense.术语士林然后开始在一个贬义意义上使用。
The rise of Modernism in the Roman Catholic church after 1900, however, resulted in a multiplicity of ecclesiastical condemnations, a legislated Thomism, and a failure to realize the hopes of Leo XIII.在罗马天主教教堂1900年以后现代主义的兴起，然而，导致了教会谴责的多重性，一个法定托马斯主义，以及未能实现利奥十三世的希望。 Despite this and two world wars, much fruitful work was accomplished by outstanding scholars, numerous periodicals, and editors of historical texts, including the critical edition of the works of Aquinas (the Leonine Edition).尽管这和两次世界大战，大量卓有成效的工作是完成了杰出的学者，许多期刊和历史文本，包括对阿奎那（即Leonine版）工程关键版的编辑。 Among the great number of modern scholars who called themselves Thomists (but not neo-Thomists or neoscholastics) were Jacques Maritain, Etienne Gilson, Martin Grabmann, and Yves Congar.其中的谁的人称自己是Thomists（但不是新Thomists或neoscholastics）现代学者大一些雅克马里坦，艾蒂安吉尔森，马丁Grabmann，和Yves Congar。
For reasons still not fully understood, a decided reaction against Aquinas and neoscholasticism occurred in the 1960s.对于原因还没有完全理解，对阿奎那和neoscholasticism决定反应发生在20世纪60年代。Some have erroneously associated this with the Second Vatican Council, which turned people's minds toward social rather than doctrinal issues.有些人错误地与梵蒂冈第二次会议，其中转向，而不是理论问题的社会人心的。 Aquinas was, however, the only scholastic doctor mentioned by name in all the conciliar documents.阿奎那是，然而，只有院医生的名字提到的所有conciliar的文件。The real reasons for the decline of neoscholasticism must be sought in the wider sociological and psychological concerns of contemporary society.为neoscholasticism下降的真正原因，必须寻求在当代社会更广泛的社会和心理问题。
James A. Weisheipl詹姆斯A Weisheipl
Bibliography
参考书目
Cassidy, Frank
P., Molders of the Medieval Mind (1944; repr., 1966); Congar, Yves, A History of
Theology (1968); Gilson, Etienne, The Christian Philosophy of Saint Thomas
Aquinas (1957) and History of Christian Philosophy in the Middle Ages (1955);
McInerny, RM, ed., New Themes in Christian Philosophy (1968); Pieper, Josef,
Scholasticism: Personalities and Problems of Medieval Philosophy,
trans.卡西迪，弗兰克P.，中世纪的心灵（1944年;再版，1966年）;模塑Congar，伊夫，一个神学（1968年）历史;吉尔森，艾蒂安，在圣托马斯阿奎那（1957年）基督教哲学与基督教的历史哲学在中世纪（1955年）;
McInerny，RM，ED，在基督教哲学（1968年）新主题;皮佩尔，约瑟夫，士林：性格和中世纪哲学，反问题。by Richard and Clara Winston (1960);
Smalley, Beryl, The Becket Conflict and the Schools: A Study of Intellectuals in
Politics (1973); Weinberg, JR, A Short History of Medieval Philosophy
(1964).由理查德和克拉拉温斯顿（1960年）;斯莫利，贝克特冲突和学校绿柱石：一个知识分子在政治上（1973）研究;温伯格，JR，一个中世纪哲学（1964）简史。
This subject presentation in the original English language这在原来的主题演讲， 英语