The Protestant ethic, also called the work ethic, is a code of morals based on the principles of thrift, discipline, hard work, and individualism.新教倫理,也稱為職業道德,是道德守則的原則基礎上節儉,紀律,勤奮工作,和個人主義。 The adjective Protestant is explained by the fact that these qualities were seen to have been especially encouraged by the Protestant religion, especially those denominations based on the tenets of Calvinism.新教的形容詞解釋的是,這些素質被視為已尤其感到鼓舞的是新教的宗教,特別是那些面值的基礎上的信條加爾文主義。 The major formulators of the concept of the Protestant ethic were the German political philosopher and sociologist Max Weber and the English historian Richard H. Tawney. Both men saw a close relationship between the Protestant ethic and the rise of capitalism.主要配方的概念新教倫理是德國政治哲學家和社會學家馬克斯韋伯和英文歷史學家理查德托尼。兩人都看到了密切的關係新教倫理與資本主義的興起。
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Weber's theories, first put forth in 1905, were widely circulated, defended, and criticized.韋伯的理論,首先提出於1905年,被廣為散發,辯護,並批評。 Tawney's major work on the subject, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism, was published in 1926.托尼的重要工作的議題,宗教與資本主義的興起,出版於1926年。 Tawney basically agreed with Weber, although he put less emphasis on the causal relationship between Protestantism and capitalism and less emphasis on the Calvinism.托尼基本上同意韋伯,但他把重點放在減少之間的因果關係新教和資本主義和不太重視的加爾文主義。 He pointed out that modern capitalism had begun to emerge long before the Protestant Reformation; he cited such 15th-century commercial centers as Venice, Florence, and Flanders as examples of this emerging capitalism.他指出,現代資本主義已開始出現很久以前的新教改革;他提到,例如15世紀的商業中心威尼斯,佛羅倫薩,和佛蘭德斯的例子這一新興的資本主義。 According to Tawney, the fact that the established churches--the Roman Catholic church on the Continent and the Anglican church in England--were so closely allied with the old landholding aristocracy caused the newly emerging middle class to gravitate toward the new Protestant sects. In sum, the two institutions developed side by side, without one "causing" the other.據托尼,一個事實,即建立教堂-羅馬天主教歐洲大陸和英國聖公會在英國-如此親密的結盟與舊的土地貴族造成新興的中產階級傾向於新的新教教派。總之,這兩個機構共同發展,沒有一個“造成”的。
The idea of the Protestant ethic has had substantial influence in 20th-century history, sociology, and political science.這個想法的新教倫理有相當的影響力在二十世紀的歷史學,社會學,政治學。 Nationalism and socialism, for example, are seen by some as being secular ethics affecting types of economic development.民族主義和社會主義例如,被一些人看作是世俗的道德影響類型的經濟發展。 Other theorists focus on the relative decline of capitalist economic influence in the United States and Great Britain, a result, they claim, of a deterioration in the Protestant ethic among the peoples of those countries.其他理論家集中於相對下降的資本主義經濟的影響在美國和英國,因此,他們主張,惡化中的新教倫理之間的這些國家的人民。
David Westby大衛韋斯特
Bibliography
目錄
Eisenberger,
Robert, Blue Monday: The Loss of the Work Ethic in America (1989); Eisenstadt,
Schmuel N., ed., The Protestant Ethic and Modernization; A Comparative View
(1968); Green, Rupert W., ed., Protestantism and Capitalism: The Weber Thesis
and Its Critics (1959); Jacobs, Norman, The Origin of Modern Capitalism and
Eastern Asia (1958; repr. 1980); Samuelsson, Kurt, Religion and Economic Action:
A Critique of Max Weber, trans. Eisenberger ,羅伯特,藍色星期一:喪失工作倫理在美國( 1989年)
;艾森斯塔特, Schmuel北路版。 ,新教倫理與現代化;比較觀( 1968年) ;綠色,魯珀特總統,編輯。 ,新教和資本主義:韋伯的論文及其批評家(
1959年) ;雅各布斯,諾曼的起源現代資本主義和東亞( 1958年; repr 。 1980年)
;埃爾松,庫爾特,宗教和經濟行動:批判馬克斯韋伯,反。 by EG French (1961).由乙二醇法國(
1961年) 。
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