The term scholasticism (from the Latin schola, "school") refers properly both to the doctrine and method of teaching in the medieval European schools and to their successive revivals to the present day.任期院(從拉丁美洲schola , “學校” )是指既正確的理論和教學方法在中世紀歐洲的學校和他們連續revivals到今天。 As a method, scholasticism involves (1) the close, detailed reading (lectio) of a particular book recognized as a great or authoritative work of human or divine origin--for example, Aristotle in logic, Euclid in geometry, Cicero in rhetoric, Avicenna and Galen in medicine, the Bible in theology-- and (2) the open discussion (disputatio) in strict logical form of a relevant question (quaestio) arising from the text.作為一種方法,墨守成規涉及( 1 )收盤時,詳細閱讀( lectio )的特定書籍承認是一個偉大的或權威性的工作的人或神的原產地-例如,亞里士多德的邏輯,歐幾里德幾何,西塞羅的言論,阿維森納和蓋倫在醫藥,聖經神學-( 2 )公開討論( d isputatio)在嚴格的邏輯形式的有關問題( q uaestio)所產生的文字。 As a doctrine, scholasticism refers to the kind of philosophy, theology, medicine, and law (canon and civil) taught by the faculties responsible for these disciplines.作為一個原則,院指的是一種哲學,神學,醫學,法律(佳能和民間)任教的教師負責這些學科。 These four faculties constituted the medieval universities that began to be organized in the 12th century, beginning in Bologna, Paris, and Oxford.這四個學院構成了中世紀大學開始舉辦的12世紀,開始在博洛尼亞,巴黎和牛津大學。
The most important faculties, however, were arts (philosophy) and theology, and the term scholasticism is usually understood in the context of those disciplines.最重要的院系,但是,藝術(哲學)和神學,並長期墨守成規的理解通常是在這些學科。
The basic philosophy of the faculty of arts was Aristotelian because the greatest and most authoritative books in philosophy were believed to be Aristotle's.基本的哲學藝術系,因為是亞里士多德的最大和最權威的哲學書籍被認為是亞里士多德的。 Aristotle, however, was interpreted differently by different professors depending on the commentaries used, notably those of "the Commentator," Averroes; the Christian Neoplatonist, Saint Augustine; or the pagan Neoplatonist, Avicenna.亞里士多德,但是,不同的解釋不同的教授取決於所使用的評注,特別是那些對“評論員” ,阿威羅伊;基督教Neoplatonist ,聖奧古斯丁;或異教徒Neoplatonist ,阿維森納。
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Scholasticism is generally divided into three periods: medieval scholasticism, extending from Boethius (5th-6th century) to the 16th century, with its Golden Age in the 13th century; "second scholasticism," beginning in the 16th century with Thomas de Vio Cajetan, Conrad Koellin, Peter Crokert, Francesco de Vittoria, and Francisco Suarez; and neoscholasticism, beginning in the early 19th century, given impetus by the encyclical Aeterni Patris (1879) of Pope Leo XIII, and continuing at least until the Second Vatican Council (1962-65).士林一般分為三個時期:中世紀的經院,從Boethius ( 5 〜 6世紀) 16世紀,其黃金時代在13世紀; “第二院” ,開始在16世紀的托馬斯Vio Cajetan ,康拉德Koellin ,彼得Crokert ,弗朗切斯科德維多利亞,和弗朗西斯蘇亞雷斯;和neoscholasticism ,自19世紀初,有力地推動了通諭Aeterni祖國報( 1879年)教皇利奧十三世,並持續至少在第二次梵蒂岡會議( 1962年-65 ) 。
In a stricter sense, scholasticism began with the Sentences (c.1150) of Peter Lombard, the Decretum (c.1150) of Gratian, and the flood of new Latin translations of classical philosophers, including all of Aristotle, made from Greek and Arabic throughout the second half of the 12th century.在嚴格意義上來說,煩瑣哲學始於句( c.1150 )彼得隆巴德的教令( c.1150 )的格拉提安,以及大量的新的拉丁美洲翻譯的古典哲學家,包括所有的亞里士多德,從希臘和阿拉伯語整個下半年的12世紀。 Assimilation of this new learning took place in the universities of the 13th century through the genius of the Dominicans Saint Albertus Magnus and his great pupil Thomas Aquinas, whose Summa Theologicae is widely regarded as the pinnacle of scholastic theology; and of the Franciscans Saint Bonaventure, John Duns Scotus, and William of Occam (early 14th century), who challenged the Dominican school.同化這一新的學習發生在大學的13世紀通過的天才多米尼加聖艾伯塔斯Magnus和他的偉大的學生托馬斯阿奎那的神學Theologicae被廣泛認為是巔峰學習神學;和聖方濟文德,約翰鄧司各脫,並奧卡姆的威廉( 14世紀初) ,誰挑戰多米尼加學校。
With the multiplication of universities between the 14th and 16th centuries came a decline in the standard of teaching and the caliber of teachers, and a "logicism" or formalism of thought that aroused the animosity of a new humanism that arose mainly outside university circles.隨著大學的乘法之間的第14和第16世紀是下降的教學水平和高素質的教師,和一個“ logicism ”或形式主義的思想,引起的仇恨一個新的人文主義認為主要是由於大學圈子外面。 The term scholasticism then began to be used in a derogatory sense.在長期墨守成規然後開始用在貶義。
The rise of Modernism in the Roman Catholic church after 1900, however, resulted in a multiplicity of ecclesiastical condemnations, a legislated Thomism, and a failure to realize the hopes of Leo XIII.崛起的現代主義在羅馬天主教後, 1900年,但是,由於多種宗教的譴責,法律規定的Thomism ,並未能實現的希望利奧十三世。 Despite this and two world wars, much fruitful work was accomplished by outstanding scholars, numerous periodicals, and editors of historical texts, including the critical edition of the works of Aquinas (the Leonine Edition).儘管這和兩次世界大戰,大量卓有成效的工作是由傑出的學者,許多期刊,和編輯的歷史文本,其中包括關鍵的版本的作品阿奎那(在Leonine版) 。 Among the great number of modern scholars who called themselves Thomists (but not neo-Thomists or neoscholastics) were Jacques Maritain, Etienne Gilson, Martin Grabmann, and Yves Congar.在大量的現代學者的人稱自己是誰Thomists (但不是新Thomists或neoscholastics )是雅克馬里丹,艾蒂安吉爾森,馬丁Grabmann ,和Yves Congar 。
For reasons still not fully understood, a decided reaction against Aquinas and neoscholasticism occurred in the 1960s.出於還沒有完全理解,一個決定對阿奎那的反應和neoscholasticism發生在20世紀60年代。 Some have erroneously associated this with the Second Vatican Council, which turned people's minds toward social rather than doctrinal issues.有些人誤與此相關的第二次梵蒂岡會議之際,人們的思想走向社會,而不是理論上的問題。 Aquinas was, however, the only scholastic doctor mentioned by name in all the conciliar documents.阿奎那然而,只有學習的醫生中點名提到的所有conciliar文件。 The real reasons for the decline of neoscholasticism must be sought in the wider sociological and psychological concerns of contemporary society.真正的原因,下降neoscholasticism必須尋求在更廣泛的社會和心理關注的當代社會。
James A. Weisheipl詹姆斯A Weisheipl
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目錄
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