Islam is the religion of many Arabic and Persian nations.伊斯蘭教是宗教的許多阿拉伯語和波斯語的國家。 Followers are called Muslims (or Moslems).追隨者被稱為穆斯林(穆斯林) 。
Mahomet Mohammed (or Muhammad) (c. 570 - 632 AD) is the primary prophet穆罕默德穆罕默德(或穆罕默德) (角570 -公元6 32)是主要的先知
(Editor's Note: Muslims strongly dislike the word Mohammedanism and insist on Islam. They feel that Mohammedanism implies some Divine aspect to Muhammad himself. They revere Muhammad as a glorious Prophet but insist on making clear that he is not a God and does not deserve to have their religion named for him. They feel that Islam is the only correct name. Early Western and Christian authors tended to use the term Mohammedanism. Western authors also tended (and some still tend) to use the term Moslem rather than Muslim for the believers.) (編者注: 穆斯林的強烈反感這個詞Mohammedanism ,堅持伊斯蘭教。他們認為,某些意味著Mohammedanism神聖方面穆罕默德本人。他們尊崇穆罕默德作為一個光榮的先知,但堅持清楚地表明,他不是上帝,不值得他們的宗教他的名字命名的。他們認為,伊斯蘭教是唯一正確的名稱。西歐和早期基督教的作者往往使用的術語Mohammedanism 。西方作者也往往(和一些仍然傾向於)使用這個詞,而不是回教的穆斯林信徒。 )
Muhammad taught that man must submit himself to the one God; that nations are punished for rejecting God's prophets; that heaven and hell await in the future life; and that the world will come to an end in a great judgment day. 穆罕默德告訴我們,人必須提交本人的一個上帝; ,各國懲罰拒絕上帝的先知;的天堂與地獄等待著在今後的生活和這個世界將結束在一個偉大的判決一天。
Muhammad offered himself to the Jews and Christians as the successor of Jesus Christ but met with severe opposition.穆罕默德本人提供的猶太人和基督徒的繼承耶穌基督,但會見了嚴重的反對。 He severely condemned the Jews in his teachings.他嚴厲譴責猶太人在他的教誨。 In general, Muhammad and Muslims feel that Jews originally had the correct "book" (The Torah or the First Five Books of the Christian Bible), but that the Jews had improperly altered the texts of those important Manuscripts.一般來說,穆罕默德和穆斯林認為,猶太人原本正確的“書” (在或聖經第一五本書的基督教聖經) ,但猶太人不當改變了文本的這些重要的手稿。 For that reason, Muhammad and Muslims feel that Jews (and Christians) are sinful in following texts that have been distorted.出於這一原因,穆罕默德和穆斯林認為,猶太人(和基督徒)是罪孽深重在下列文本已經被扭曲了。 Muslims rely on a book which presents the Messages that Muhammad received from the Angel Jibril (Gabriel) which they feel are precisely correct, which is called the Koran.穆斯林依靠一本書介紹了其中的郵件穆罕默德收到了天使賈布里勒(加布里埃爾) ,其中他們覺得恰恰是正確的,這是所謂的可蘭經。 The Koran regularly refers to "the book", where it is actually referring to those Original texts, but it is conceded that no copy of those original (correct) texts still exists today.古蘭經經常提到“書” ,它實際上是指那些原始文本,但它承認,沒有這些副本原件(正確)的案文今天仍然存在。 Many Muslims incorrectly interpret those many references to "the book" as somehow referring to the Koran itself, but a careful examination of the Koran text make clear that that is clearly not true. The Original texts of the First Five Books, which Muslims feel no longer exist, are referred to as the Taurah.許多穆斯林錯誤解釋這些許多人提到的“書”作為不知指的是可蘭經本身,而是仔細研究可蘭經的文字清楚地表明,這顯然是不正確的。原始文本的第一個五年的書籍,其中穆斯林覺得沒有不再存在,被稱為Taurah 。
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Eternal punishment is the fate of those guilty of hypocrisy (false religion), murder, theft, adultery, luxury, dishonesty, and a few other sins. 永恆的處罰是命運的那些犯有虛偽的(假宗教) ,謀殺,盜竊,通姦,奢侈品,不誠實,和其他一些罪孽。 There are great similarities to the sins described in the Ten Commandments of Christian Judaist beliefs. Drinking, gambling and usury are rigorously prohibited. 有極大的相似之處的罪孽中描述十誡Judaist的基督教信仰。飲酒,賭博和高利貸是嚴格禁止的。
Since Muslims feel that Jews and Christians use distorted copies of the Torah text as the basis of their beliefs, that is seen as the above mentioned hipocracy or false religion.由於穆斯林認為,猶太人和基督徒使用歪曲副本聖經文本的基礎上他們的信仰,這被看作是上述hipocracy或虛假的宗教。 The fact that Christians and Jews are attempting to Worship that same One True God, is not sufficient for many Muslims, and in some cases, great hatred has developed due to that.事實上,基督徒和猶太人正試圖崇拜同一個真神,是不夠的許多穆斯林,並在某些情況下,巨大的仇恨已經開發由於這一點。
The Koran includes many references that Muslims are to treat "all believers in the One True God" as brothers. Those references in the Koran indicate that Jews and Christians should be treated as brothers.可蘭經包含了許多提法穆斯林對待“所有信徒中的一真神”的兄弟。這種提法在古蘭經表明,猶太人和基督徒應視為兄弟。 It is only that aspect where Muslims insist that Jews and Christians use intentionally distorted versions of the Lord's texts where severe animosity arose.只有在這方面的穆斯林堅持認為,猶太人和基督徒使用故意歪曲版本的主文本在出現嚴重的敵意。
Early on, Muslims divided into two groups.早期,穆斯林分為兩組。 The Eastern (or Persian) Muslims are known as Shiites or Shi'a. The Western (or Arabic) Muslims are known as Sunnites or Sunnis. Sunnites (Arabs) generally consider Shiites as schismatics. Sunnites are Semites; Shiites are not.東區(或波斯灣)的穆斯林被稱為什葉派或什葉派。西部(或阿拉伯文)穆斯林被稱為遜尼派和遜尼派。遜尼派(阿拉伯人)普遍認為什葉派穆斯林作為schismatics 。 遜尼派是閃米特人;什葉派並非如此。
Muhammad was born of poor parents in Mecca.穆罕默德生於貧困的父母在麥加。 He was orphaned early and had to tend sheep for a living, so he received little education.他是孤兒早日往往不得不羊的生活,所以他很少得到教育。 At 25, he became a commercial agent for a rich widow, whom he soon married.在25日,他成為一個商業代理人豐富的遺孀,他很快結婚。
Muhammad was not particularly well-known until one specific incident occurred.穆罕默德不是特別知名的,直到一個特定的事件發生。 The celebrated Black Stone had been removed from the Kaaba building to be cleaned, and four Tribal leaders were arguing over which of them would get the honor of carrying it back to the Kaaba.著名的黑石已經從克爾白建設,以清潔,四個部落領導人爭論而他們將獲得的榮譽攜帶回克爾白。 The argument was becoming extremely serious, as each of the four Tribal leaders wanted that honor personally. It seemed that there was no possible resolution for this situation, and that a Tribal war seemed unavoidably about to begin. At this point, the young Muhammad stepped forward to offer a suggestion.這個論點已成為極其嚴重的,因為每個的四個部落首領希望這一榮譽的個人。似乎有沒有可能解決這種情況,而且部落的戰爭似乎不可避免地即將開始。在這一點上,年輕的穆罕默德加強著提供了一個建議。 He suggested locating a blanket and placing the Black Stone on top of it.他建議尋找一條毯子,把黑石頭上的。 Then each of the four would lift a corner, and all four would equally receive the honor of carrying it back to the Kaaba.然後,每一個取消一個角落裡,和所有四個同樣得到的榮譽攜帶回克爾白。 That suggestion showed such brilliant insight that forever after that, Muhammad was asked for solutions whenever difficult situations arose, and his fame became enormous virtually overnight.這項建議表明這種輝煌的洞察,永遠後,穆罕默德被要求提供解決方案時出現困難的情況下,他成為巨大的名利幾乎在一夜之間。 All Muslim children today, world wide, are taught about this impressive accomplishment of Muhammad.所有穆斯林兒童今天,世界各地,教授對這一令人印象深刻的成績穆罕默德。
Years later, Muhammad had a vision in the desert north of Mecca in which he believed he was commanded to preach.幾年後,穆罕默德曾設想在沙漠北部的麥加,他相信他是指揮說教。 He came to believe that he was a medium for divine revelation and that he was a prophet of God (Allah).他認為,他是一個中型的神聖啟示,他是一個先知的上帝(真主) 。 He received many such revelations in some caves.他收到許多這樣的揭露在一些洞穴。 His followers memorized his revelations and his successor, Abu Bakr, had them compiled as a book (the Koran).他的追隨者背誦他的揭露和他的繼任者,阿布貝克,匯集了他們作為一本書(古蘭經) 。
Muslims believe that Noah, Abraham, Moses and Jesus received revelations from God, but they regard Muhammad as the greatest and the last prophet of God. 穆斯林認為,諾亞,亞伯拉罕,摩西與耶穌收到來自上帝的啟示,但他們認為穆罕默德的最大和最後的先知的上帝。
At first, few converts followed Muhammad.起初,幾個轉換之後穆罕默德。 In 622, the people of Mecca actually drove him out of the city and he fled to Medina. This flight (called the Hegira) was taken as the beginning of the Muslim calendar.在622 ,人民的麥加實際上他開車出城,他逃到麥地。這次飛行(稱為Hegira )採取了如開始的穆斯林的日曆。 After the Hegira, he often turned to warfare, plunder and conquest. Hegira後,他往往變成戰爭,掠奪和征服。 In 630, he returned to Mecca in triumph and treated his former persecutors with kindness. He called all his followers to a holy war in which he promised that all who died fighting (specifically in defending Islam) would ascend straight to Paradise. This single comment from the generally peace - loving Muhammad has been used as the central cause of numerous religious (jihad) wars, and more recently, terrorism. Virtually all of his other teachings emphasize peace, charity, tolerance and kindness to all. After he died in 632, the war was carried on by his successors (Caliphs).在630 ,他返回麥加對待勝利和他的前迫害與善良。 他呼籲所有他的追隨者發動聖戰他在信中承諾,誰所有死亡的戰鬥(特別是在捍衛伊斯蘭教)將連續登上天堂。這種單一的評論從一般的和平-愛穆罕默德已被用作中央事業的許多宗教(聖戰)的戰爭,以及最近恐怖主義。幾乎所有的其他教義強調的和平,慈善,寬容和愛心給所有。去世後,他在6 32 ,戰爭是由他的繼任者( Caliphs ) 。
Critics find many things to attack in Islam.批評者認為很多事情攻擊伊斯蘭教。 Many suras of the Koran were composed before 622 AD, while Muhammad was still in Mecca. In general, those suras tend to be extremely peaceful, compassionate, considerate.許多suras古蘭經組成公元622之前,而穆罕默德仍然在麥加。總的來說,這些suras往往是非常和平,同情心,體諒。 In fact, historian Sir W Muir (in Life of Mahomet , 1864, four volumes, vol. 1, p. 503) said " In the Meccan period of his life there certainly can be traced no personal ends or unworthy motives . . . Mahomet was then nothing more than he professed to be, 'a simple Preacher and a Warner'; he was the despised and rejected prophet of a gainsaying people, having no ulterior object but their reformation. He may have mistaken the right means for effecting this end, but there is no sufficient reason for doubting that he used those means in good faith and with an honest purpose."事實上,歷史學家主席W穆爾( 在生命的穆罕默德 , 1864年, 4卷,第一卷。 1 ,頁503 )說: “ 在Meccan期間他的生活有一定可以追溯到任何個人目的或不配的動機。 。 。穆罕默德當時只不過他聲稱要'一個簡單的傳教士和華納' ;他是鄙視和拒絕先知的否認人,沒有不可告人的目的,但他們的改革。他可能有誤正確的手段,為此影響,但沒有足夠的理由懷疑,他用這些手段以誠意和一個誠實的目的。 “
After he arrived in Medina, those suras seem to have a generally much harsher tone, often even mean-spirited and barbaric, as regarding non-believers.抵達後,他在麥地,這些suras似乎已普遍更嚴厲的口氣很大,常常甚至卑鄙的和野蠻的,因為對非信徒。 Muir continued the above citation "But the scene changes at Medina. There temporal power, aggrandisement, and self-gratification mingled rapidly with the grand object of the Prophet's life, and they were sought and attained by just the same instrumentality. Messages from heaven were freely brought down to justify political conduct, in precisely the same manner as to inculcate religious precept. Battles were fought, executions ordered, and territories annexed, under cover of the Almighty's sanction. Nay, even personal indulgences were not only excused but encouraged by the divine approval or command. A special license was produced, allowing the Prophet many wives; the affair with Mary the Coptic bond-maid was justified in a separate Sura; and the passion for the wife of his own adopted son and bosom friend was the subject of an inspired message in which the Prophet's scruples were rebuked by God, a divorce permitted, and marriage with the object of his unhallowed desires enjoined. . . . As the natural result, we trace from the period of Mahomet's arrival in Medina a marked and rapid declension in the system he inculcated. Intolerance quickly took the place of freedom; force, of persuasion. "穆爾繼續上述引文“但是,現場的變化梅迪納。顳有權力,擴張,自我滿足迅速交融的宏偉目標先知的生命,他們要求達到同樣的手段。訊息從天上有自由降低到合理的政治行為,正是在同樣的方式灌輸宗教戒律。戰役的戰鬥,下令處決和領土所附的掩護下萬能的制裁。不,甚至個人indulgences不僅原諒,但鼓舞的是,神聖的批准或命令。一項特別許可生產,使許多先知的妻子;這件事與瑪麗科普特債券女傭是有道理的一個單獨的蘇拉和激情的妻子通過自己的兒子和知己的主題一個靈感的信息,其中先知顧忌被責罵的上帝,允許離婚,婚姻的目的,他的願望責成unhallowed 。 。 。 。由於自然結果,我們從跟踪時期的穆罕默德抵達梅迪納和顯著快速格在他的系統灌輸。容忍迅速取代了自由;武力,說服。 “
Muir later added "If Mohammed deviated from the path of his early years, that should cause no surprise; he was a man as much as, and in like manner as, his contemporaries, he was a member of a still half-savage society, deprived of any true culture, and guided solely by instincts and natural gifts which were decked out by badly understood and half-digested religious doctrines of Judaism and Christianity. Mohammed became thus the more easily corruptible when fortune in the end smiled upon him. . . . [In Medina], he offered very little resistance to the corrupting action of the new social position, more particularly in view of the fact that the first steps were accompanied by bewildering triumphs and by fatal sweetness of practically unlimited political power. . . . The deterioration of his moral character was a phenomenon supremely human, of which history provides not one but a thousand examples."穆爾後來說: “如果穆罕默德背離的道路早年,這應該引起毫不奇怪,他是一個人多,而且,一如他的同時代人,他是一個成員仍然半野蠻的社會,被剝奪了任何真正的文化,並遵循完全由本能和自然的禮物是打扮了嚴重的理解和半消化宗教教義的猶太教和基督教。穆罕默德成為因而更容易腐化的財富時,在結束對他微笑。 。 。 。 [在梅迪納] ,他提供很少抵抗腐蝕作用的新的社會地位,更多的特別鑑於這一事實,即第一個步驟是伴隨著撲朔迷離的勝利和致命的甜度幾乎無限的政治權力。 。 。 。惡化,他的品德是一個人的現象,超級,其中的歷史提供了不是一個而是1000的例子。 “
Following generations of Muslims were often brutal and gruesome in their treatment of people who did not accept Islam or who questioned anything about it.經過幾代人的穆斯林往往是殘酷和可怕的在其治療的人誰不接受伊斯蘭教或誰質疑無能為力。
Muslims consider the Koran to be EXACTLY the very Word of God (Allah). They do not doubt or question even the slightest aspect of it.穆斯林認為古蘭經是非常準確的Word上帝(真主) 。他們沒有疑問或問題有絲毫的一面。 However, by the year 325 AD, three hundred years before the Koran, Christians had established the concept of the Trinity, as being ONE God, Who seemed to exist as Three different Persons, the Father (YHWH or Jehovah), the Son (Jesus) and the Holy Ghost, and never varied from that.然而,到公元325年,三百年前的古蘭經,基督教徒設立了概念的三位一體,作為一個上帝,誰似乎存在著三個不同的人,父親(或耶和華耶和華) ,聖子(耶穌)和聖靈,並沒有因這一點。 (Christians believe that the One True God had decided to "divide Himself in Two" such that He could experience an entirely human lifetime as Jesus, while still remaining in Heaven/Paradise to oversee the Universe. Christians feel that God has unlimited Ability so that He could do that, possibly in order to better understand why His people seemed to always fail Him. So Christians have NO doubt that there has ever only been One True God, but that He chose a course where it appeared for 33 years that He was simultaneously in two places. With these understandings, Christians feel that Muslims should realize that the One True God [Allah] that they worship was actually present in walking the Earth just 600 years before Muhammad.) (基督徒認為,一個真正的上帝已決定將“鴻溝自己兩個”這樣他可以體驗一個完全人類壽命的耶穌,而仍然留在天堂/天堂監督的宇宙。基督徒認為上帝具有無限的能力,以便他可以做到這一點,可能是為了更好地理解為什麼他的人似乎總是失敗他。所以基督徒毫無疑問,有以往任何時候都只有一個真神,但他選擇的道路似乎在為33歲,他是同時在兩個地方。有了這些認識,基督徒認為,穆斯林應該認識到,一個真神[阿拉] ,他們崇拜實際上是存在於地球步行僅600年前穆罕默德。 )
If the Koran is actually the words of God (Allah), and not altered in any way since they were given to Muhammad, it seems odd that the Koran presents the Christian Trinity as being God, Jesus, and Mary !如果古蘭經實際上是的話上帝(真主) ,並沒有改變以任何方式,因為他們給穆罕默德,似乎奇怪的是,蘭介紹了基督教三一是上帝,耶穌和瑪麗 ! (Sura 5:116) (Christians have never considered Mary to be Divine, except for her function as Mother of Jesus.) This seems to imply that God (Allah) made a mistake, or Muhammad made a mistake, or later copyists/commentators made a mistake (several times, as at Sura 5.77 and Sura 4.169). (蘇拉5:116 ) (基督徒從來沒有考慮瑪麗是神聖的,但她的功能耶穌的母親。 )這似乎意味著,上帝(真主)犯了一個錯誤,或穆罕默德犯了一個錯誤,或稍後copyists /評論員犯了一個錯誤(好幾次,在蘇拉5.77和蘇拉4.169 ) 。 Scholars see such things as obvious problems, but virtually all Muslims overlook them, and consider anyone bringing up such things as blasphemous.學者看到這種事情存在的突出問題,但幾乎所有的穆斯林忽略了他們,並考慮任何人帶來了諸如褻瀆。
Observers have noted that, if the Koran was precisely and exclusively the Word of God, there are many Suras that seem instead to have been expressed by either Muhammad, the Archangel Gabriel or other Angels, without clarification.觀察家們指出,如果可蘭經,正是專門天主的聖言,有許多Suras ,似乎不是已經表示由穆罕默德,天使加布里埃爾或其他天使,沒有澄清。 For example, the opening Sura, called the Fatiha, is clearly address TO Allah and not BY Him.例如,開放蘇拉,稱為Fatiha ,顯然是解決安拉,而不是由他。 If the exact wording had been provided by Allah, it should be worded slightly differently.如果確切措辭提供了真主,應當措辭略有不同。 Sura 19.64 was clearly spoken by Angels. 19.64蘇拉顯然是講天使。 The observation is: the Koran either IS or IS NOT exclusively the Word of God that Muslims claim.觀察是:古蘭經要么是或不是完全天主的聖言,穆斯林索賠。
It is certainly true that the Koran contains many hundreds of concepts, beliefs and stories from the Bible, particularly the Pentateuch, the first five Books of the Bible (also called the Torah or Taurah). These similarities involve roughly half of the 80,000 words of the Koran (while representing but a very small portion of the Bible's 800,000 words).的確,古蘭經包含了許多數以百計的觀念,信仰和故事聖經,特別是五,第一個五年圖書聖經(也稱為聖經或Taurah ) 。這些相似之處包括大約一半的話80000古蘭經(同時代表,但一小部分聖經的80.0萬字) 。 As a result, the Koran and Islam contains many similarities and many parallels with Christianity and Judaism. However, there are very great differences in some areas.因此,古蘭經和伊斯蘭教包含有許多相似之處,許多相似之處與基督教和猶太教。然而,有非常大的差異在某些領域。
The place of the Prophet Muhammad in world history is directly related to the formation of Islam as a religious community founded on the message of the Koran, which Muslims believe to be the words of God revealed to the Prophet.這個地方的先知穆罕默德在世界歷史上是直接相關的形成伊斯蘭教作為一個宗教社區基礎上的信息可蘭經,其中穆斯林認為是上帝的話透露給先知。
About 610, Muhammad, while in a cave on Mount Hira outside Mecca, had a vision in which he was called on to preach the message entrusted to him by God. Further revelations came to him intermittently over the remaining years of his life, and these revelations constitute the text of the Koran. The opening verses of chapters 96 and 74 are generally recognized as the oldest revelations; Muhammad's vision is mentioned in 53:1 - 18 and 81:19 - 25, and the night of the first revelation in 97:1 - 5 and 44:3. 大約610 ,穆罕默德,而在一個洞穴希拉山外麥加進行了視力,他要求宣講訊息託付給他的上帝。進一步揭露了他間歇性的剩餘時間內他的生命,而這些揭露構成的文本可蘭經。開放的詩句章96和74 ,一般公認的最古老的揭露;穆罕默德的願景是中提到53:1 -1 8和8 1:19- 25 ,以及晚上的第一啟示97 : 1 -5和4 4:3。 At first in private and then [613] publicly, Muhammad began to proclaim his message: that there is but one God and that Muhammad is his messenger sent to warn people of the Judgment Day and to remind them of God's goodness.在第一次私人,然後[ 613 ]公開,穆罕默德開始宣布他的信息 : 只有一個上帝和穆罕默德是他的信使發出警告人民的審判日,並提醒他們上帝的善良。
The [pagan] Meccans responded with hostility to Muhammad's monotheism and iconoclasm.在[異教] Meccans回應敵視穆罕默德的一神教和iconoclasm 。 As long as Abu Talib was alive Muhammad was protected by the Hashim, even though that clan was the object of a boycott by other Quraysh after 616.只要阿布塔利班還活著穆罕默德是保護哈希姆,即使是家族的對象抵制其他Quraysh後616 。 About 619, however, Abu Talib died, and the new clan leader was unwilling to continue the protective arrangement.約619名,不過,阿布立死亡,和新的部族領導人不願繼續保護安排。 At about the same time Muhammad lost another staunch supporter, his wife Khadijah.大約在同一時間穆罕默德又喪失了堅定的支持者,他的妻子Khadijah 。 In the face of persecution and curtailed freedom to preach, Muhammad and about 70 followers reached the decision to sever their ties of blood kinship in Mecca and to move to Medina, a city about 400 km (250 mi) to the north.面對迫害和剝奪自由的說教,穆罕默德和大約70名追隨者達成的決定,斷絕他們的血緣關係的親屬關係,並在麥加遷移到麥地市約400公里( 250英里)的北部。 This move, called the Hegira, or hijra (an Arabic word meaning "emigration"), took place in 622, the first year of the Muslim calendar. (Muslim dates are usually followed by AH, "Anno Hegirae," the year of the hegira.)這一舉動,稱為Hegira ,或希吉拉(阿拉伯文字,意思是“移民” ) ,發生在622的第一年,穆斯林的日曆。 (穆斯林日期通常其次是啊, “野Hegirae , ”今年的hegira 。 )
In Medina an organized Muslim community gradually came into existence under Muhammad's leadership.梅迪納在一個有組織的穆斯林社區逐漸開始存在下穆罕默德的領導。 Attacks on caravans from Mecca led to war with the Meccans.攻擊大蓬車從麥加導致戰爭與Meccans 。 Muhammad's followers obtained (624) victory at Badr but were defeated at Uhud a year later. In 627, however, they successfully defended Medina against a siege by 10,000 Meccans.穆罕默德的追隨者獲得( 624 )勝利巴德爾被打敗,但在侯德一年以後。在627 ,但是,他們成功衛冕梅迪納對圍困的10000 Meccans 。 Clashes with three Jewish clans in Medina occurred in this same period.衝突中有三個猶太部族梅迪納發生在同一時期。 One of these clans, the Banu Qurayza, was accused of plotting against Muhammad during the siege of Medina; in retaliation all of the clan's men were killed and the women and children sold into slavery.其中的一個部族,在巴努Qurayza ,被指控陰謀反對穆罕默德在麥地圍困;報復所有的部族男子死亡,婦女和兒童淪為奴隸出售。 Two years later, in the oasis of Khaybar, a different fate befell another Jewish group.兩年後,在綠洲Khaybar ,不同的命運遭遇另一個猶太組。 After defeat they were allowed to remain there for the price of half their annual harvest of dates.失敗後,他們被允許繼續存在的價格一半的年度收穫的日期。
Since 624 AD (2 AH) the Muslims of Medina had been facing Mecca during worship (earlier, they had apparently turned toward Jerusalem). 自公元624 (第2 AH )的穆斯林的麥地已面臨麥加禮拜期間 (前,他們已經明顯轉向耶路撒冷) 。 Mecca was considered of primary importance to the Muslim community because of the presence there of the Kaaba. This sanctuary was then a pagan shrine, but according to the Koran (2:124 - 29), it had been built by Abraham and his son Ishmael and had therefore to be reintegrated in Muslim society. An attempt to go on pilgrimage to Mecca in 628 was unsuccessful, but at that time an arrangement was made allowing the Muslims to make the pilgrimage the next year, on condition that all parties cease armed hostilities.麥加被認為是最重要的穆斯林社區,因為存在的克爾白。這個避難所當時異教參拜靖國神社,但根據古蘭經( 2:124 -2 9日) , 已建立了亞伯拉罕和他的兒子以實瑪利並因此重新在穆斯林社會。試圖去麥加朝覲的628不成功,但在當時的安排是讓穆斯林朝聖使未來一年,條件是所有各方停止武裝敵對行動。 Incidents in 629 ended the armistice, and in January 630, Muhammad and his men marched on Mecca.在629事件結束了停戰,並在1月630 ,穆罕默德和他的部下遊行麥加。 The Quraysh offer to surrender was accepted with a promise of general amnesty, and hardly any fighting occurred. Muhammad's generosity to a city that had forced him out 8 years earlier is often quoted as an example of remarkable magnanimity. Quraysh提供的投降接受了許諾的普遍大赦,並且幾乎沒有任何的戰鬥發生。 穆罕默德的慷慨的城市,迫使他不得不這樣了8年前是經常引用的一個例子非凡氣度。
In his final years Muhammad continued his political and military involvements, making arrangements with nomadic tribes ready to accept Islam and sending expeditions against hostile groups.在他最後的日子裡,穆罕默德繼續他的政治和軍事介入,使安排游牧部落願意接受伊斯蘭教和派遣遠征打擊敵對的團體。 A few months after a farewell pilgrimage to Mecca in March 632 he fell ill.幾個月後告別麥加朝聖632 3月他病倒。 Muhammad died on June 8, 632, in the presence of his favorite wife, Aisha, whose father, Abu Bakr, became the first caliph.穆罕默德死於6月8日, 632在場,他最喜愛的妻子,阿伊莎,他的父親,阿布貝克,成為第一個哈里發。
Willem A Bijlefeld威廉阿Bijlefeld
Bibliography:
參考書目:
M Ali, The Living Thoughts of Muhammad
(1950); T Andrae, Muhammad: The Man and His Faith (1936); A Azzam, The Eternal
Message of Muhammad (1964); J Glubb, The Life and Times of Muhammad (1970); A
Guillaume, ed., The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasaul
Allah' (1955); A Jeffrey, ed., Islam: Muhammad and His Religion (1958); M
Rodinson, Mohammed (1971); WM Watt, Muhammad: Prophet and Stateman
(1961). M阿里,生活的思考穆罕默德( 1950年) ; Ť Andrae ,穆罕默德:人與自己的信仰( 1936年)
;阿阿扎姆,永恆的訊息穆罕默德( 1964年) ; J Glubb ,在生活和時代的穆罕默德( 1970年)一個紀堯姆,版。
,生命的穆罕默德:一個翻譯的伊本伊斯哈格的大道報Rasaul安拉' ( 1955年) ;阿杰弗裡版。伊斯蘭教:穆罕默德和他的宗教( 1958年) ;
M羅丁森,穆罕默德( 1971年) ;西醫結合瓦特,穆罕默德:先知和政治家( 1961年) 。
The article above
presents the "traditional" story of Muhammad's life, as generally understood by
nearly all Muslims. There is extremely little "external" confirmation of the
many facts presented, and so virtually all of the knowledge of Muhammad's life
come from either the Koran (which was assembled from his statements) or from the
Hadith (which was again assembled from his statements and those of people near
him).文章首先介紹了“傳統”的故事穆罕默德的生活,一般的理解幾乎所有穆斯林。有極少“外部”確認了許多事實,所以幾乎所有的知識穆罕默德的生命來自要么古蘭經(這是從他的組裝報表)
,或從聖訓(這是組裝再次從他的發言和他身邊的人) 。 There were also a few biographies of
Muhammad (he died in 632 AD):也有少數簡歷穆罕默德(他死於公元632 ) :
There are some important details of that traditional Muslim biography that were not included in the article above.也有一些重要細節,傳統的穆斯林傳記是不包括在上述的文章。 These following points are all described in the writings of the respected Muslim writers listed above.這些下列各點都描述的著作的尊重穆斯林作家上面列出。
The original wording was: "What do you think of al-Lat and al-Uzza And Manat the third beside? These are exalted Females, Whose intercession verily is to be sought after."原來的措詞是: “你覺得基地,緯度和al - Uzza與馬納特的第三旁邊?這些都是崇高的女性,其調解肯定是要追求” 。
These references were to some of the many Gods the Meccans then worshipped, (and some of their very favorites among their hundreds of gods) so the words seem to acknowledge the existence and even the importance of them, TOTALLY opposite of what Islam claims (of the One God, Allah).這些提法都在一定的許多神的崇拜Meccans然後, (以及他們的一些非常喜歡他們的數以百計的神) ,這樣的話似乎承認存在,甚至他們的重要性,完全相反的伊斯蘭教債權(對一個上帝,真主) 。 Islam now says that Muhammad was later visited by Gabriel again, who reprimanded him and gave him the "true" ending for that verse, which eliminated the praise for the gods and turned it into denigration.現在伊斯蘭教的穆罕默德說,後來被訪問的加布里埃爾再次,誰訓斥他和給他的“真正”結束這一詩句,這消除了讚揚神和把它變成詆毀。 They consider those initial verses as being put into his mouth by Satan, ie Satanic Verses.他們認為這些最初的詩句作為付諸他的嘴的撒旦,即撒旦詩篇。
These verses represent a serious problem for Muslims.這些詩句是一個嚴重的問題,穆斯林。 They seem to imply that Muhammad was carefully cultivating the Meccan leaders by saying things they "politically" wanted to hear.他們似乎意味著,穆罕默德是經過精心培育Meccan領導人說,他們的事情“政治”想聽到的。 That idea would greatly damage his credibility as a Prophet.這一想法,將大大損害他的信譽作為一個先知。 His sincerity would seem to be in question.他的誠意,似乎是問題。 On the other hand, if Satan was so easily able to put words in the mouth of the Prophet, how much Faith could anyone put in him?另一方面,如果撒但是那麼容易能夠把字口的先知,有多少人信仰可以在他嗎? Might there be (many?) other passages where Satan affected the wording of the Koran?可能有(很多? )其他通道受影響的地方撒旦的措詞,可蘭經?
A revelation from God came to him, instructing him to cast his scruples away.一個啟示是上帝給他,指示他投了顧忌了。 While sitting next to his wife Aisha, he had a prophetic swoon.雖然坐在旁邊給他的妻子阿伊莎,他預言昏厥。 When he recovered, he said "Who will go and congratulate Zaynab and say that the Lord has joined her to me in marriage?"當他恢復,他說: “誰去,並祝賀Zaynab和說,上帝已經加入她對我的婚姻? ” (Sura 33.2-33.7) (蘇拉33.2-33.7 )
His wife Aisha is said to have then remarked "Truly your God seems to have been very quick in fulfilling your prayers."他的妻子阿伊莎據說當時所說的“真正的上帝似乎已經非常快在履行你們的祈禱。 ”
There appear to be other parallels.似乎有其他相似之處。 Both the Bible and the Koran seem to contain confusing sections, where there even seem to be internal contradictions.無論是聖經和古蘭經似乎包含混淆節,在那裡甚至似乎是內部矛盾。 Both contain many examples of repetitive statements, where the same concept is repeated, either in exactly the same words or very similar ones.都包含許多例子,反复聲明,在相同的概念重複,無論是在完全一樣的字詞或非常相似的。 Whichever of these two Faiths one might believe, it seems difficult to try to claim the high ground as to absolute credibility if one elects to criticize the other.無論這兩個信仰的人們可能會認為,似乎難以嘗試要求高地上,以絕對的信譽如果選擇其他批評。
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