The Jews are a people who trace their descent from the biblical Israelites and who are united by the religion called Judaism. They are not a race; Jewish identity is a mixture of ethnic, national, and religious elements.猶太人是一個人誰追查他們的後裔從聖經的猶太人，誰是美國的所謂宗教猶太教。他們是不是一個種族;猶太身份是混合種族，民族，宗教的內容。 An individual may become part of the Jewish people by conversion to Judaism; but a born Jew who rejects Judaism or adopts another religion does not entirely lose his or her Jewish identity.個人可以成為猶太民族的猶太教皈依;而是一個出生的猶太人誰反對猶太教或採用其他宗教沒有完全失去他或她的猶太身份。
The word Jew is derived from the kingdom of Judah, which included 2 of the 12 Israelite tribes.這個詞猶太人是來自猶太王國，其中包括2 12個以色列人部落。 The name Israel referred to the people as a whole and especially to the northern kingdom of 10 tribes.以色列的名字提交給全國人民，特別是沙特北部10個部落。 Today it is used as a collective name for all Jewry and since 1948 for the Jewish state.今天，它是用來作為一個集體的名字為所有猶太人，並自1948年以來的猶太國家。 (Citizens of the state of Israel are called Israelis; not all of them are Jews.) In the Bible, Hebrew is used by foreign peoples as a name for the Israelites; today it is applied only to the Hebrew Language. （公民以色列國被稱為以色列人;並不是所有這些都是猶太人。 ）在聖經，希伯來文是用外國人民的名稱以色列人;今天是只適用於希伯來語。
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Later they, or some of them, settled in Egypt, where they were reduced to slavery; they finally fled to freedom under the leadership of an extraordinary man named Moses, probably about 1200 BC.後來他們，或有些人，定居在埃及，他們在那裡淪為奴隸，他們終於逃到自由的領導下，特別叫摩西，大概公元前1200年。 After a period of desert wandering, the tribes invaded Canaan at different points, and over a lengthy period of time they gained control over parts of the country.經過一段時間的沙漠流浪，部落的入侵迦南不同點，並有一個漫長的時間內，他們控制了該國部分地區。 (It is uncertain if there is any connection between the Hebrews and the Habiru mentioned in 14th century BC Egyptian documents found at Tell el - Amarna.) （這是不確定的，如果有任何聯繫希伯來和哈比魯中提到公元前14世紀埃及發現的文件在告訴埃爾-阿瑪爾納。 ）
David crushed the Philistine power and established a modest empire.大衛粉碎了庸俗的權力，並設立了微薄的帝國。 He conquered the fortress city of Jerusalem, which up to that time had been controlled by a Canaanite tribe, and made it his capital.他征服了山城耶路撒冷城，其中最多的時間已控制的迦南部落，並使其他的資本。 His son Solomon assumed the trappings of a potentate and erected the Temple in Jerusalem, which became the central sanctuary of the distinctive monotheistic Israelite religion and ultimately the spiritual center of world Jewry.他的兒子所羅門承擔了服飾的君主和廟建在耶路撒冷，成為中央聖殿的一神教以色列人獨特的宗教和最終的精神中心，世界猶太人。
Judah managed to outlive the Assyrian Empire (destroyed c. 610), but the Chaldean (Neo Babylonian) Empire that replaced it also insisted on control of Judah. When a new revolt broke out under Egyptian influence, the Chaldeans under Nebuchadnezzar II destroyed Jerusalem and burned the Temple (587 or 586 BC); the royalty, nobility, and skilled craftsmen were deported to Babylonia.猶太設法活得的亞述帝國（銷毀角610 ） ，但迦勒（新巴比倫）帝國，取代它也堅持控制猶太。當一個新的起義爆發了埃及的影響力，迦勒下尼布甲尼撒二世和耶路撒冷被毀焚燒寺（ 587或586年） ;的版稅，貴族和熟練技工被驅逐到巴比倫。
Loss of state and Temple, however, did not lead to the disappearance of the Judeans, as it did in the northern kingdom.損失的國家和寺，但並沒有導致失踪的Judeans ，因為它沒有在英國北部。 The peasantry that remained on the land, the refugees in Egypt, and the exiles in Babylonia retained a strong faith in their God and the hope of ultimate restoration.農民仍然在土地上，這些難民在埃及和巴比倫流亡者在保留了強大的信心，他們的上帝，並希望最終恢復。 This was largely due to the influence of the great Prophets.這主要是因為影響的偉大的先知。 Their warnings of doom had been fulfilled; therefore, the hopeful message they began to preach was believed.他們警告末日已經完成，因此，有希望的訊息他們開始相信說教。 The universal prophetic teaching assured Jews that they could still worship their God on alien soil and without a temple. Henceforth the Jewish people and religion could take root in the dispersion (Diaspora) as well as in the homeland.普遍的預言保證教學猶太人，他們仍然可以崇拜天主的外來土壤和寺廟。此後猶太人民和宗教紮根於分散（海外）以及在祖國。
New spiritual forces emerged during the Maccabean and Herodian periods.新的精神力量出現在Maccabean和Herodian時期。 The leadership of hereditary priests was contested by laymen distinguished for their learning and piety, who won the respect and support of the people.領導的教士是遺傳爭議外行人尊敬他們的學習和虔誠，誰贏得了尊重和支持的人。 The priestly conservatives came to be known as Sadducees, the more progressive lay party as the Pharisees.保守派的牧師後來被稱為撒都該人，更進步奠定黨的法利賽人。 The latter came to dominate the Sanhedrin, which was the highest religious and legal authority of the nation.後者來主宰公會，這是最高的宗教和法律權威的國家。
Burdened by excessive taxation and outraged by acts of brutality, the Judeans became more and more restive under Roman rule, all the more because they were confident that God would ultimately vindicate them.負擔過重稅收和憤怒的暴行，在Judeans變得越來越動盪的羅馬統治之下，更因為他們相信，上帝將最終證明他們。 Revolutionary groups such as the Zealots emerged calling for armed revolt.革命團體，如出現狂熱呼籲武裝叛亂。 The Sadducees were inclined to collaborate with the Romans; the Pharisees advocated passive resistance but sought to avoid open war.該撒都該人傾向於與羅馬;的法利賽人主張消極抵抗，但試圖避免公開的戰爭。
The Pharisaic leaders, shortly thereafter given the title of Rabbi (Hebrew, "my teacher"), rallied the people for a new undertaking - the reconstruction of religious and social life. Using the institution of the Synagogue as a center of worship and education, they adapted religious practice to new conditions.該Pharisaic領導人，此後不久，由於標題拉比（希伯來文， “我的老師” ） ，凝聚了人民的一個新的事業-重建宗教和社會生活。利用該機構的猶太教堂為中心的崇拜和教育，他們適應宗教實踐，以新的條件。 Their assembly, the Sanhedrin, was reconvened at Jabneh, and its head was recognized by the Romans and given the title of patriarch; the Diaspora Jews accepted his authority and that of the Sanhedrin in matters of Jewish law.他們的集會，公會，重新在Jabneh ，其頭部被公認的羅馬和授予的家長;散居猶太人接受了他的權威和公會事項的猶太法律。 The leaders of the Jabneh period included Johanan Ben Zakkai, Gamaliel of Jabneh, and Akiba Ben Joseph.領導人Jabneh期間包括Johanan本Zakkai ，加馬利亞的Jabneh ，並秋葉本約瑟夫。
Many Diaspora Jewish communities rebelled against Rome early in the 2d century; however, their rebellions were crushed, with much bloodshed.許多散居猶太人社區反抗羅馬早在2世紀，但是，他們的叛亂被鎮壓，許多流血事件。 Still more bitter was the revolt of Palestinian Jewry led by Bar Kochba in 132; it was put down after three years of savage fighting.但更痛苦的是巴勒斯坦人的起義為首的猶太人律師Kochba 132 ，這是放下經過三年的野蠻戰鬥。 For a time thereafter observance of basic Jewish practices was made a capital crime, and Jews were banned from Jerusalem.一段時間以後遵守基本的猶太人的做法是資本罪，被禁止猶太人從耶路撒冷。 Under the Antonine emperors (138 - 92), however, milder policies were restored, and the work of the scholars was resumed, particularly in Galilee, which became the seat of the patriarchate until its abolition (c. 429) by the Romans.根據安多寧皇帝（ 138 -9 2） ，但溫和的政策，恢復和工作的學者得到恢復，特別是在加利利，成為所在地的主教，直到其廢除（角4 29）的羅馬。 There the sages called tannaim completed the redaction of the Mishnah (oral law) under the direction of Judah Ha - Nasi.還有所謂的聖賢tannaim完成了編輯的米示拿（口服法）的指導下猶太哈-納西。
This situation was not significantly changed by the Muslim conquest of the Persian empire.這種狀況沒有明顯改變了穆斯林征服波斯帝國。 At the end of the 6th century, the heads of the academies had adopted the title of gaon (Hebrew, "excellency"), and the next four centuries are known as the gaonic period; communities throughout the world turned to the Babylonian leaders for help in understanding the Talmud and applying it to new problems.截至6世紀，元首的院校已通過的標題gaon （希伯來文， “大人” ） ，並在未來4個世紀被稱為gaonic期;社區世界各地的轉向巴比倫領導人幫助在了解塔爾穆德並應用到新問題。 About 770 the sect of Karaites, biblical literalists who rejected the Talmud, appeared in Babylonia.大約770該教派的卡拉派信徒，聖經literalists誰拒絕了塔木德，出現在東風。 Despite the vigorous opposition of the great Saadia Ben Joseph Gaon and other leaders, the Karaites continued to flourish for centuries in various lands; today the sect has only a few small remnants.儘管強烈反對的偉大Saadia本約瑟夫Gaon和其他領導人，卡拉派信徒繼續發展數百年的各種土地;節今天只有幾個小的殘餘物。
Jews participated in the Arab cultural renaissance.猶太人參加了阿拉伯文化的復興。 They wrote in Arabic on science, philosophy, grammar, and rhetoric; they also produced notable biblical commentaries, legal works, and outstanding Hebrew poetry.他們在阿拉伯文寫的科學，哲學，語法和修辭;他們也產生了顯著的聖經評注，法律著作和優秀希伯來詩歌。 (Among the scholars of this period were Solomon Ibn Gabirol, Judah Ha - Levi, Levi Ben Gershon, and the great Maimonides.) But this golden age was not entirely without problems. （在學者的這一時期被所羅門伊本Gabirol ，猶太河-列維，列維本格爾森，偉大的邁蒙尼德。 ）但這黃金時代並非完全沒有問題。 Muslim religious leaders and many of the common people resented the authority entrusted by their monarchs to Jewish statesmen and bankers.穆斯林宗教領袖和許多普通百姓不滿的權力賦予他們的君主猶太政治家和銀行家。 In the 12th century the Almohads, a fanatical sect from North Africa, took control of Muslim Spain, and the Jews had to choose between Islam, martyrdom, and flight.在12世紀的Almohads ，一個狂熱的邪教來自北非，控制了穆斯林西班牙和猶太人之間進行選擇伊斯蘭教，烈士，並外逃。 Many found a precarious refuge in northern Spain, where Christian rulers found Jews useful to them in their effort to reconquer the peninsula.許多人找到了岌岌可危的庇護在西班牙北部，在那裡發現基督教的猶太人的統治者對他們有益的努力奪回半島。
Fanaticism continually stirred the Spanish mobs.不斷激起狂熱的西班牙暴徒。 In 1391 thousands of Jews were massacred and thousands more were converted by force or accepted baptism to save their lives. These "new Christians" (also known as Marranos, Spanish for "swine") were suspected of practicing Judaism in secret; it was largely to ferret out these Marranos that the Inquisition was introduced.在1391年成千上萬的猶太人被殺害，數千人被轉換以武力或接受洗禮，以挽救他們的生命。這些“新基督徒” （也稱為Marranos ，西班牙語為“豬” ）被懷疑在實踐猶太教的秘密，它主要是要找出這些Marranos的探討介紹。 Many Marranos rose to high posts in the court and in the church, but they were constantly spied on, and many perished in the autos - da - fe, festive celebrations in which heretics were burned at the stake.許多Marranos上升到高級職位，法院和教堂，但他們不斷地刺探，許多人喪生的汽車-達-鐵，歡度佳節的異端被燒毀的股份。 Such tragic events stimulated the spread among Spanish Jews of the mystical doctrines of Kabbalah.這樣的悲慘事件刺激了分佈在西班牙猶太人的神秘學說的卡巴拉。
Once the last Muslim rulers were driven out and Spain was united under Ferdinand II and Isabella I, all professing Jews had to choose between baptism and expulsion.一旦最後的穆斯林統治者被趕出和西班牙聯合下費迪南德二世和伊莎貝拉一，所有信奉猶太人之間作出選擇的洗禮和驅逐。 In August 1492 most of them left Spain in search of new homes.在1492年8月其中大多數是離開西班牙尋找新的家園。 Under Spanish pressure, Portugal expelled its Jews in 1498.根據西班牙的壓力，葡萄牙驅逐的猶太人在1498年。 The exiles found refuge in North Africa, Italy, and especially in the Ottoman Empire, including the Balkans.該避難流亡在北非，意大利，尤其是在奧斯曼帝國，包括巴爾幹地區。
Nevertheless, Jews were needed in the very countries that persecuted them.然而，猶太人需要在國家，非常受迫害他們。 Medieval Christian doctrine forbade Christians to take interest on loans; as a result, Jews were required to engage in money lending.中世紀的基督教教義禁止基督徒以貸款利息，因此，猶太人被要求從事金錢借貸。 The royal treasuries took a large part of the profits, and the Jews bore the popular resentment against usurers.王室國庫了很大一部分利潤，和猶太人負有流行的不滿高利貸者。 In general, they were excluded from ownership of land and from the guilds that controlled the skilled trades.一般來說，他們都被排除在土地所有權和控制協會的技術工人。
When Christian money lenders learned to collect interest under other names, Jews were no longer needed.當基督教放債人的經驗教訓，蒐集感興趣的其他姓名，猶太人已不再需要。 They were expelled from England in 1290, and, after several earlier bans, finally from the kingdom of France in 1394.他們被逐出英格蘭1290 ，並在一些較早禁令，終於從法國沙特在1394 。 In the German states, life for Jews was difficult and uncertain.在德國各州，對猶太人的生活困難和不確定的。 Many moved eastward into Poland, which lacked a middle class with the financial and commercial skills Jews could provide.許多向東移動到波蘭，缺乏一個中產階級的金融和商業技能的猶太人可以提供。
The Ashkenazim were not exposed to a broad secular culture such as the Jews of Spain (and Provence) had enjoyed.該Ashkenazim沒有接觸到廣泛的世俗文化，如西班牙的猶太人（和普羅旺斯）享有。 Theirs was a simple intense piety that repeatedly found expression in martyrdom.他們是一個簡單的激烈虔誠的反复體現在殉難。 Their scholars produced important commentaries on the Bible and Talmud, and works on Kabbalah.他們的學者產生了重要的評注聖經和猶太法典，並適用於卡巴拉。
In Poland and Lithuania, social conditions also had a segregatory effect.在波蘭和立陶宛，社會條件也有segregatory效果。 The Jews continued to speak a German dialect, mixed with many Hebrew words and with borrowings from Slavic languages - now known as Yiddish.猶太人繼續講德語方言，混有許多希伯萊語和與借款斯拉夫語-現在被稱為意第緒語。 Intellectual life was focused on study of the Talmud, in which they achieved extraordinary mastery.知識分子的生活重點是研究塔木德，他們在取得了非凡的掌握。 They enjoyed a large measure of self government, centralized in the Council of the Four Lands.他們享有很大程度的自治，集中在安理會中的4個土地。
Persecutions became more frequent, however, inspired by competition from the growing Christian merchant class and by overly zealous churchmen.迫害變得更加頻繁，然而，激勵的競爭日益基督教商人階級和過分熱心的牧師。 In 1648 a rebellion of Cossacks and Tatars in the Ukraine - then under Polish rule - led to an invasion of Poland, in which hundreds of thousands of Jews were massacred.在1648年叛亂的哥薩克和韃靼人的烏克蘭-波蘭然後根據規則-導致了入侵波蘭，其中數以十萬計的猶太人被屠殺。 Polish Jewry never recovered from this blow. A little over a century later, Poland was partitioned (1772, 1793, 1795) among Prussia, Austria, and Russia, and most of Polish Jewry found itself under the heartless rule of the Russian tsars.波蘭猶太人從來沒有從這個打擊。小了一個多世紀後，波蘭是分割（ 1772 ， 1793 ， 1795年）在普魯士，奧地利，俄羅斯和波蘭的大多數猶太人發現自己下狠心法治的俄羅斯沙皇。
An outgrowth of the Sabbatean movement was the sect founded in 18th century Poland by Jacob Frank.產物的Sabbatean運動節是始建於18世紀波蘭雅各布弗蘭克。 The latter ultimately converted to Roman Catholicism, and his sect died out early in the 19th century.後者最終轉化為羅馬天主教，他的去世了節早在19世紀。
Poland was also the birthplace of Hasidism, the mystical sect founded by Baal Shem Tov.波蘭還的誕生地Hasidism的神秘教派創辦的巴爾閃Tov 。 Although condemned by the rabbinic leadership, most notably by Elijah Ben Solomon, it established deep roots and became a significant social factor in the life of East European Jewry.雖然譴責拉比領導，尤其值得注意的是，以利亞本所羅門群島，它確立深深紮根，並成為一個重要的社會因素在生活中東歐猶太人。
Equal rights were achieved in the Netherlands, and more slowly in Great Britain.享有平等的權利，取得在荷蘭，並在更慢大不列顛。 Germany and Austria, even after 1870, discriminated against Jews in military and academic appointments; in these countries much popular hostility continued, now called Anti Semitism and supposedly justified on racial rather than religious grounds.德國和奧地利，甚至在1870年，歧視猶太人在軍事和學術任用;在這些國家中許多受歡迎的敵對行動仍在繼續，現在所謂的反理應反猶太主義和種族歧視的理由，而不是宗教的理由。 In the American colonies the Jews had suffered relatively minor disabilities; with the founding of the United States, Jews became full citizens - although in a few states discriminatory laws had to be fought.在美國殖民地猶太人遭受相對較小的殘疾人;的成立，美國猶太人成為正式公民-儘管在少數幾個州的歧視性法律，必須戰鬥。
Jews entered the life of the Western world with keen enthusiasm; they contributed significantly to commercial, scientific, cultural, and social progress.猶太人進入生活的西方世界與渴望的熱情，他們作出了重大貢獻的商業，科學，文化，和社會進步。 But the old structure of Jewish life was severely damaged: community controls became less effective, and neglect of religious observance, mixed marriage, and conversion to Christianity occurred.但是，舊體制的猶太人的生活遭到嚴重破壞：社會控制變得不那麼有效，而且忽視了宗教儀式，異族通婚，並改信基督教發生。 In response to such challenges, new modernist versions of Judaism were formulated; these movements originated in Germany and had their greatest development in North America.針對這種挑戰，新的現代版本的猶太教制定;這些運動起源於德國，其最大的發展中北美洲。
After 1804, Jews were allowed to reside only in Poland, Lithuania, and the Ukraine; Russia proper was closed to them. This Pale of settlement was later made smaller. 1804年後，猶太人被允許居住僅在波蘭，立陶宛，烏克蘭和俄羅斯適當的被關閉它們。這帕萊的其後解決了較小。 From 1881 on, anti Jewish riots (Pogroms), tolerated and sometimes instigated by the government, sent thousands fleeing to Western Europe and the Americas.從1881年起，反猶太人暴動（大屠殺） ，不能容忍的，有時甚至唆使下，政府派出數千名逃往西歐和美洲。 Because Russia refused to honor the passports of American Jews, the United States abrogated a trade treaty in 1913.由於俄羅斯拒絕履行護照的美國猶太人，美國取消貿易條約於1913年。
In response to these policies, new trends appeared in Russian Jewry.針對這些政策，新趨勢出現在俄羅斯猶太人。 A movement of Jewish nationalism expressed itself in a revival of Hebrew as a secular language and in a few attempts at colonization in Palestine.一個運動的猶太表達自己的民族主義在復活希伯來語作為一個世俗的語言和在少數企圖在巴勒斯坦的殖民統治。 A Jewish socialist movement, the Bund, appeared in urban centers, stressing the Yiddish language and folk culture.猶太人社會主義運動，外灘，出現在城市中心，強調了意第緒語的語言和民俗文化。
During World War I, East European Jews suffered heavily from troops on both sides.第一次世界大戰期間，東歐猶太人遭受嚴重從雙方部隊。 American Jewry now found itself for the first time the leading element in the world Jewish community, bearing the major responsibility for relief and reconstruction of the ravaged centers.美國猶太人現在發現自己第一次領先的元素在世界猶太社區，承擔主要責任的救濟和重建的蹂躪中心。 The peace treaties guaranteed equal rights to minorities in the newly constituted or reconstituted countries, but these agreements were not consistently upheld with regard to Jewish minorities, and colonization in Palestine expanded considerably.該和平條約保障的平等權利，少數人在新組建或改組的國家，但這些協議並沒有始終堅持對猶太少數民族，和殖民統治巴勒斯坦大大擴展。
In the Balfour Declaration of 1917, Great Britain announced its support for a Jewish national home; this purpose, approved by the Allied governments, was embodied in the mandate for Palestine that Britain assumed after the war.在貝爾福宣言1917年，英國宣布支持建立一個猶太國家家園;為此，批准了聯合政府，體現在為巴勒斯坦的任務，英國假定在戰爭結束後。 British agents had secretly made contradictory promises to Arab leaders, however, and growing Arab nationalism expressed itself in anti Jewish riots in Palestine in 1920 - 21 and 1929.英國特工秘密作出相互矛盾的承諾阿拉伯國家領導人，然而，日益增長的阿拉伯民族主義的表達自己的反猶太人在巴勒斯坦暴動在1920至1921年和1929年。 In the latter year leading non Zionist Jews, convinced that Palestine alone offered hope for impoverished and oppressed millions (since Western nations had rigidly restricted immigration), joined with the Zionists to form the Jewish Agency to assist and direct Jewish settlement and development in Palestine.後者今年主要的非猶太复國主義猶太人深信，巴勒斯坦獨立帶來希望的貧困和受壓迫的數以百萬計（因為西方國家已嚴格限制移民） ，加入猶太复國主義者組成的猶太人機構，以協助和直接的猶太人定居點和巴勒斯坦的發展。
In Germany the Weimar Republic for the first time abolished all official discrimination against Jews.在德國的魏瑪共和國的首次正式廢除所有歧視猶太人。 The republic was unpopular, however, and anti Semitism was popular.該共和國是不得人心的，然而，反猶太主義和反流行。 Calculated use of anti Semitism as an instrument was a major factor in Adolf Hitler's rise to power in 1933, whereupon the German Jews were immediately disfranchised, robbed of possessions, deprived of employment, barred from the schools, and subjected to physical violence and constant humiliation.計算使用殺傷主義作為一種工具是一個主要因素希特勒的崛起之路在1933年，在這種情況下，德國猶太人，立即被剝奪權利，搶劫財物，被剝奪了就業，禁止學校，並遭受身體暴力和不斷的羞辱。 Once World War II occupied the attention of the democracies, Hitler and his supporters attempted "the final solution," the complete extermination of the Jews (Holocaust).一旦第二次世界大戰被佔領的注意民主，希特勒和他的支持者試圖“最後解決方案， ”徹底消滅猶太人（大屠殺） 。 About 6 million Jews - almost a third of their total number - were massacred, starved, or systematically gassed in Concentration Camps. In addition to destroying so many individual lives, the Holocaust eradicated the communities of Central and Eastern Europe, which had been the chief centers of learning and piety for nearly a thousand years.約600萬猶太人-將近三分之一的總數-被屠殺，餓死，或系統毒氣集中營。除了摧毀這麼多的個人生活，大屠殺的社區消除中歐和東歐，這是首席中心的學習和虔誠的近一千多年。
On May 14, 1948, the State of Israel was proclaimed. 5月14日， 1948年，以色列國宣布成立。 Since then Israel has fought five wars against Arab coalitions to establish and preserve its independence (Arab - Israeli Wars). A peace treaty (Mar. 26, 1979) between Israel and Egypt was not accepted by the other Arab states.自那時以來，以色列的戰爭打五對阿拉伯聯盟的建立和維護其獨立性（阿拉伯-以色列戰爭） 。一項和平條約（ 1 979年3月2 6日）埃及和以色列之間沒有接受其他阿拉伯國家。
Since World War II the Jews of the United States have achieved a degree of acceptance without parallel in Jewish history, and Jews play a significant role in intellectual and cultural life. The elimination of social barriers has led to a high rate of mixed marriage.自第二次世界大戰以來的猶太人在美國已經取得了一定程度的接受沒有並行的猶太人的歷史，猶太人中發揮重要作用的知識和文化生活。消除社會障礙，導致了很高的異族通婚。 During the same period there has been a growth in synagogue affiliation and support for Israel.在同一時期內出現了增長的猶太教堂的聯繫和對以色列的支持。
Recent estimates put the total number of Jews at about 14 million, of whom over 5 million reside in the United States, more than 2 million in the USSR, and over 3 million in Israel.最近的估計總人數的猶太人約為14萬人，其中500多萬居住在美國，有200多萬蘇聯，以及300多萬在以色列。 France, Great Britain, and Argentina also have significant Jewish populations.法國，英國，阿根廷也有重大的猶太居民。 The once - substantial communities in North Africa and the Middle East have been reduced to small fragments.曾經-大量的社區在北非和中東已減少到小片段。 Most of these Oriental Jews have settled in Israel. Thousands of Ethiopian Jews (Falashas), for example, were airlifted to Israel in 1984 and 1985.大多數這些東方猶太人定居在以色列。數千名埃塞俄比亞猶太人（法拉沙） ，例如，被空運到以色列在1984年和1985年。 Israel's Jewish population increased significantly in the early 1990s, when it received hundreds of thousands of immigrants from the Soviet Union.以色列的猶太居民顯著增加在90年代初，當它收到數以十萬計的移民從蘇聯。
Bernard J Bamberger伯納德J班貝格
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A Semite is someone descended from Shem , the eldest son of Noah.阿閃米特人的後裔是從大師的長子諾亞。
A HEBREW is someone descended from Heber (or, "Eber"), one of the great-grandsons of Shem.希伯來人的後裔是從赫柏 （或“韋伯” ） ，一個偉大的，孫子的閃。 So all Hebrews are Semites, but not all Semites are Hebrews.因此，所有希伯來人是閃米特人，但並非所有閃米特人是猶太人。 (Sunnite Arabs are therefore also Semites.) （遜尼派阿拉伯人，因此也閃米特人。 ）
Six generations after Heber, Abraham was born to his line, so Abraham was both a Hebrew and a Semite , born of the line of Heber and Shem.六代後，赫柏，亞伯拉罕是他出生的線，所以亞伯拉罕既是一個希伯來文和閃米特人 ，生於線的赫柏和閃。
Ishmael was born of Abraham, and (Sunnite) Arabs (and specifically Muslims) consider themselves to be descendants of him, so they are both Semites and Hebrews. Isaac was born of Abraham, then Jacob of Isaac. 伊斯梅爾出生亞伯拉罕，和（遜尼派）阿拉伯人（特別是穆斯林）認為自己是他的後裔，所以他們都是閃米特和希伯來人。 艾薩克出生亞伯拉罕，然後雅各布以撒。 Jacob's name was changed to "Israel," and he fathered 12 sons.雅各的名字改為 “ 以色列， ”他 12個兒子的父親。 His sons and their descendants are called Israelites, and they would therefore be both Semitic and Hebrew.他的兩個兒子和他們的後代被稱為以色列人，他們因此將兩個猶太人和希伯來文。 However, this would not make either Abraham or Isaac "Israelites."但是，這不會使任何亞伯拉罕或艾薩克“以色列人” 。 Those who interchange the words "Jew" and Israelite, call Abraham a Jew, even though Abraham was not even an Israelite, and where the word "Jew" is not used in the Bible until 1,000 years AFTER Abraham.這些誰交換改為“猶太人”和以色列人，要求亞伯拉罕是猶太人，儘管亞伯拉罕甚至沒有一個以色列人，而改為“猶”而不是用來聖經，直到1000年後的亞伯拉罕。
One of Jacob-Israel's children was Judah (Hebrew - Yehudah).其中雅各布，以色列的猶太兒童（希伯來文-Y ehudah） 。 His descendants were called Yehudim ("Judahites").他的後代被稱為Yehudim （ “ Judahites ” ） 。 In Greek this reads Ioudaioi ("Judeans").在希臘本閱讀Ioudaioi （ “ Judeans ” ） 。 The confusing thing here is that almost all Bible translations employ the word "Jew," which is a modern, shortened form of the word "Judahite."在混亂的事情是，幾乎所有的聖經翻譯聘用改為“猶太人” ，這是一個現代化，縮短形式改為“ Judahite 。 ” Every time you come to the word "Jew" in the Old Scriptures, you should read "Judahite;" and every time you come to the word "Jew" in the New Scriptures, you should read it as "Judean." (two distinctly different peoples.)每當你來到這個詞“猶太人”老聖經，你應改為“ Judahite ; ”每次你來改為“猶”在新的聖經，你應該讀為“朱迪亞。 ” （兩個明顯不同的民族。 ）
In the late 1960s, Ashkenazi Jews numbered some 11 million, about 84 percent of the world Jewish population.在20世紀60年代末，德系猶太人的人數約為1100萬美元，約百分之八十四的世界猶太居民。
R Novosel R諾沃塞爾
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