Revivalism is a predominantly North American Protestant phenomenon in which itinerant preachers exhort their hearers to accept forgiveness of personal sin through faith in Jesus Christ and to commit themselves to spiritual self discipline and religious exercises such as prayer, Bible reading, and church support.復興主要是一個北美新教現象,其中流動傳教士敦促他們hearers接受寬恕的個人單透過相信耶穌基督,並致力於自己的精神自律和宗教演習,如祈禱,讀經,和教會的支持。
Revivalism in America has been in reaction to a perceived overemphasis by the major denominations on ritual, cultural accommodation, and doctrinal or ideological correctness at the expense of personal religious experience.復興在美國已反應到一個知覺過分強調由大面額,對禮儀,文化住宿,並學說或意識形態的正確性,不惜犧牲個人的宗教體驗。 Four specific periods of intense religious revival were:四個特定時期的激烈宗教復興的有:
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Bibliography
參考書目
WG McLoughlin,
Modern Revivalism (1959); T Smith, Revivalism and Social Reform (1957); WW
Sweet, Revivalism in America (1944); BA Weisberger, They Gathered at the River
(1958).工作組mcloughlin ,現代復興( 1959年)和t史密斯,復興和社會改革( 1957 ) ;第一次世界大戰甜,復興,在美國(
1944年) ;廣管局魏絲伯格,他們聚集在河( 1958年) 。
A movement within the Christian tradition which emphasizes the appeal of religion to the emotional and affectional nature of individuals as well as to their intellectual and rational nature.一個運動內部的基督教傳統,強調上訴的宗教情緒和情感的性質,個人以及他們的智慧和理性的性質。 It believes that vital Christianity begins with a response of the whole being to the gospel's call for repentance and spiritual rebirth by faith in Jesus Christ.它認為,重要的基督教始於反應的整體,以福音的呼籲,有悔罪重生是因信耶穌基督。 This experience results in a personal relationship with God.這方面的經驗成果,在個人與天主的關係。
Some have sought to make revivalism a purely American and even a predominantly frontier phenomenon.有些人試圖使復興一個純粹的美國,甚至一個主要前沿的現象。 Revivalism, however, can be seen as a much broader Christian tradition.復興,但是,可以被看作是更為廣泛的基督教傳統。 Recent studies have discovered a revivalist tradition in the Roman Catholic Church.最近的研究已發現了復興傳統,在羅馬天主教會。
By the time George Whitefield began recurrent revivalistic tours of the American colonies in 1738, Jonathan Edwards, the theologian of the colonial awakening, had already experienced revival in his Northampton, massachusetts, Congregational church.經過一段時期喬治Whitefield的開始經常revivalistic參觀美國的殖民地,在1738年,喬納森愛德華茲,神學家的殖民地覺醒,已經歷了復甦,在他的northampton ,馬薩諸塞,公理教會。 Edwards accepted the validity of much of the religious emotion that accompanied the conversions among his parishioners and wrote in defense of the proper role of emotion in true religion.愛德華茲接受的有效性,大部分的宗教情感伴隨轉換他的教區居民,並寫在國防部的適當角色的情感在真正的宗教。 The revival continued to move south until it touched all the colonies.復活繼續南下,直到它觸及所有殖民地。 In England the recognized leader of the "Evangelical Revival" was John Wesley, founder of Methodism and close friend of Whitefield.在英國是全球公認的領先的"福音復甦" ,是約翰韋斯利的創始人methodism和親密朋友的Whitefield 。 Whitefield had encouraged Wesley to take up the field preaching that brought the gospel directly to the masses of working people. Whitefield的鼓勵韋斯利採取了實地標榜自己帶來了福音,直接向廣大勞動人民。
The success of this appeal to the heart as well as the head could not be doubted.這一行動的成功上訴至心臟以及頭部不能受到懷疑。 Religious interest was renewed, and people flocked to the churches in significant numbers in both America and England.宗教感興趣的是新的,人們湧到教堂有大量在美國和英格蘭。 American historians recognize that the sweep of religious fervor from north to south (prior to the Revolution) was one of the few unifying factors among the otherwise disparate American colonies.美國歷史學家們認識到,打掃的宗教熱情,從北到南(前革命) ,是少數統一的因素之一,否則不相干的美洲殖民地。 In England the revival left an indelible religious and social impact for stability in the midst of the revolutionary unrest which pervaded most of Europe at the time.在英格蘭復興留下了不可磨滅的宗教和社會影響,為穩定在複雜多變的革命動亂,其中最普遍的歐洲,在時間。
Camp meetings became the religious centers that shaped the theology and ethos of the numerous Holiness churches organized at the end of the century.營會議成為宗教中心,塑造了神學和校風的眾多聖潔教會組織在本世紀的結束。 Although many camp meetings evolved from their original revivalistic commitments into Chautauquas or Christian family resort centers, in Holiness and Pentecostal churches the camp meeting remains an essential expression of their revivalistic worship.雖然許多營地開會的主要矛盾,從原來的revivalistic承諾變為chautauquas或基督教家庭度假中心,在成聖和五旬節教會營地會議仍然是一個重要的表達自己的revivalistic崇拜。 Even there, however, the camp meeting has become more of a church family rally or reunion than a time for evangelistic outreach to the unchurched.即使在那裡,不過,營地會議已經成為更多的是家庭教會集會或團聚比的時候,福音推廣到不去教會。
Finney's "new methods" raised as much controversy as his attachment to New School Calvinism. finney的"新方法" ,提出了很多爭議,因為他的依戀,以新校加爾文。 Preaching was direct, addressed to the individual, and usually delivered without manuscript or even notes.說教是直接的,給個人,而且通常沒有發表的手稿,甚至筆記。 The public nature of the conversion experience was focused by the introduction of the "anxious bench," by which the serious seeker placed his intentions on record before the congregation.公共性轉化的經驗,重點是通過實行"焦急板凳" ,其中嚴重的導引頭放在他的意向,記錄在案前聚集。 The critics were especially wary of the public platform given to the laity and especially women as they prayed and testified in the revival services.批評者尤其警惕公共平台向俗人,尤其是婦女,因為他們祈禱,並證明了在復興服務。 After the dramatic Fulton Street or Layman's Revival of 1858, however, most of the critics were silenced, and revivalized Calvinism joined with the revivalized Arminianism of burgeoning American Methodism to set the predominant pattern of American Protestantism for the remainder of the century.之後,戲劇性的富爾頓街或門外漢的復興, 1858年,不過,大部分的批評者壓制, revivalized加爾文加入與revivalized arminianism的蓬勃發展,美國methodism定為主導的格局,美國基督新教為剩餘的世紀。
Both Calvinist and Methodist wings of the revival ultimately gave prominence to a personal "fullness" or "baptism" of the Holy Spirit in speaking of the experience.雙方calvinist和衛翼的復活,最終突出了個人的"豐滿"或"洗禮"的聖靈在談到經驗。 The creation of the National Camp meeting Association for the Promotion of Holiness by John Inskip and other Methodist ministers in 1867 spread the movement beyond Methodism around the world.創建全國營地會議推廣協會成聖約翰inskip和其他循道衛理部長們在1867年的擴散運動以後methodism世界各地。 In England the Holiness revival gave rise to the Salvation Army and the Keswick Movement.在英國是聖潔的復甦產生了救世軍和敬誠運動。
Moody also sponsored educational institutions which furthered his evangelistic aims: the Northfield Institutions in Massachusetts and Moody Bible Institute in Chicago.穆迪還舉辦教育機構,其中,更進一步他布道的目的是: northfield機構,在馬薩諸塞州和穆迪聖經學院在芝加哥。 These institutions were representative of the large number of organizations and movements which sprang out of the many revival movements that looked to Moody for inspiration and leadership at the end of the nineteenth century.這些機構的代表人數眾多,組織和運動的興起,其中出了不少復興運動期待穆迪靈感和領導水平,在19世紀末。 Many of these became important components of the growing fundamentalist movement.許多這些已成為重要的組成部分,越來越多的原教旨主義運動。
Large audiences continued to attend the revival campaigns of William "Billy" Sunday, RA Torrey, Gypsy Smith, and others after the turn of the century.大批觀眾繼續參加復興運動的威廉"比利"週日,在Ra利松,吉普賽史密斯和其他人後,在世紀之交。 However, the change of national mood resulting from the economic upheavals that followed World War I, the persistent attacks of such social critics as HL Mencken, and the turn toward a gospel of social concern among the larger denominations led to a decline in the influence of revivalism in the churches and in American life.但是,這一變化的民族情緒所造成的,從經濟的大幅波動,隨後的第一次世界大戰後,持續不斷的攻擊這種社會批評的HL mencken ,並反過來對福音的社會,引起大面額導致下降的影響復興在教會和在美國生活。 Nevertheless, the Pentecostal revival which spread swiftly from its center in Los Angeles after 1906 and the effective use of radio by Charles Fuller and other radio evangelists indicated the continuing strength of the revivalist tradition in the churches.然而,五旬節復興而迅速蔓延,從它的中心在美國洛杉磯後, 1906年和有效利用無線電查爾斯更充分和其他無線電傳道士表示,持續強勢的復興主義傳統,在教堂。
Graham's ministry represented a general revival of religion, as indicated by the rapid growth of evangelical churches and spread of the charismatic revival in the decades following World War II.葛理翰的部代表了一般的復興宗教所表明的那樣快速增長,福音派教會和蔓延魅力復活,在之後的幾十年裡二戰。 The charismatic emphases on the baptism and the gifts of the Spirit, especially glossolalia, have had significant influence upon both Protestant and Catholic churches.魅力側重點上的洗禮和禮物的精神,特別是說方言,有相當的影響力,雙方的新教和天主教教堂。 The exposure of revivalism with its message and method to the public through television and the dominant role revivalists currently hold in religious broadcasting are additional signs of the contemporary revitalization of the tradition.曝光的復興同其信息內容和方法,以宣傳工作,通過電視和主導作用revivalists目前正在舉行宗教廣播額外的跡象,當代的振興傳統。
Revivals of religion and the theological presuppositions and practices which have accompanied them through their history have consistently raised a common pattern of criticism.復甦的宗教和神學預設和做法,已伴隨他們渡過其歷史上一貫提出的一個共同的模式,為人所詬病。 The strongly emotional nature of the revivalist's appeal, the critics charge, leads to spiritual instability or even to irrational behavior.強烈的情緒性的復興主義的呼籲,批評,導致精神不穩定,甚至不理性的行為。 They also claim that the revivalist's emphasis upon crisis experience tends to deprecate the place of growth and process in Christian living.他們還聲稱,若復興的重點放在危機的經驗,往往deprecate地方的發展和進程,在基督教的生活。 Opponents also charge that the importance revivalism attaches to a warm hearted, spiritual ministry results in a general anti intellectualism throughout the tradition; they claim as well that the strong appeal to individualized religion leads to a subjectivism that obscures or even denies the social and cultural implications of Christianity.反對者還認為,收費的重要性復興重視溫暖愛心,精神部在一,一般反知識分子在整個傳統,他們聲稱,以及表示強烈呼籲個性宗教導致了主觀主義認為,掩蓋了,甚至否認了社會和文化的影響基督教的。 The direct praying and preaching, the tendency to popularize and excite interest by use of promotional psychology, and inclination to judgmentalism and separatism are also common accusations brought against revivalists.直接祈禱及傳教,傾向以普及和激發興趣,並利用宣傳心理學,並傾向以judgmentalism和分裂主義,也有共同的指控起訴revivalists 。
The major response of revival proponents has been to point to the positive results they claim for religious revival and revivalism in church and society since the beginning of the movements in the eighteenth century.主要反應的復興倡議者一直點到了積極的成果,他們宣稱為宗教復甦和復興,在教會和社會年初以來,該運動在18世紀。 The dramatic growth of the churches resulting from special periods of religious revival and the day - to - day revival emphasis in revivalistic churches is part of the historical record.急劇增長的教會所造成的特殊時期的宗教復甦的情況,以及一天--日間復興強調在r e vivalistic教堂是黨的歷史紀錄。 Significant moral, social, and cultural changes have accompanied the major awakenings.顯著的道德,社會,文化等各種變化都伴隨著重大awakenings 。 The ecumenical spirit of revival efforts has often produced a level of cooperation among churches not achieved in any other way.普世精神的復興努力,往往產生了某種程度的合作,教會沒有取得任何其他方式。 Expanded Christian benevolence and church extension have always accompanied these periods of spiritual renewal.擴大基督教的仁愛和教堂擴建始終伴隨著這些時期的精神重建。 Religious institutions and organizations to promote Christian causes and social concerns, including most of America's Christian colleges, seminaries, Bible institutes, and many mission bodies, are products of revivalism.宗教機構和組織,以促進基督教的原因和社會的關注,其中還包括大多數美國的基督教學院,神學院,聖經學院,而很多團組織,是產品的復興。
ME
Dieter我迪特爾
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary)
( Elwell宣布了福音字典)
Bibliography
參考書目
R Carwardine,
Transatlantic Revivalism; DW Dayton, Discovering an Evangelical Heritage; ME
Dieter, The Holiness Revival of the Nineteenth Century; JP Dolan, Catholic
Revivalism; J Edwards, A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God; J F
Findlay, Dwight L Moody: American Evangelist 1837 - 1899; CG Finney, Lectures on
Revivals of Religion; ES Gaustad, The Great Awakening in New England; CA
Johnson, The Frontier Camp Meeting; WG McLaughlin, Modern Revivalism: Charles
Grandison Finney to Billy Graham; TL Smith, Revivalism and Social Reform in Mid
Nineenth Century America; WW Sweet, Revivalism in America; BA Weisberger, They
Gathered at the River. r carwardine ,大西洋復興;
DW的代頓,發現是一個福音遺產;我迪特爾,成聖復興十九世紀;太平紳士杜蘭,天主教復興; j愛德華茲的忠實敘述,令人稱奇的工作,上帝; j
f範達,德懷特升穆迪:美國傳道1837 -1 899;的C Gf inney,講座復甦的宗教;中文g
austad,大覺醒,在新英格蘭;鈣約翰遜,前營會議;麥克勞林工作組,現代復興:查爾斯格蘭迪森f
inney以比利格雷厄姆;鉈史密斯,復興和社會改革中nineenth世紀的美國;第一次世界大戰甜,復興,在美國;廣管局魏絲伯格,他們聚集在河中。
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