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There is a "perfectly green" energy source that is
essentially inexhaustible (billions of times as large as all the
oil and natural gas and nuclear that we might ever find)!
It involves NO global warming, NO pollution, and it would not use
up natural resources. It might even turn out to be completely
free to use! Yet no one seems to be even trying to investigate it!
(Two exceptions were the Soviet Union, in extremely secret research
beginning around 1970, and me, some years later!) Both of those
approaches were based on building a gyroscope, which always attempts
to maintain its direction of its spin axis, and then rely on the fact
that the Earth would rotate beneath it to create a torque due to the resulting
difference in motion and therefore be captured by mechanical means. The Soviets
apparently built around two hundred devices over those years, but all
failed miserably. I later learned that their approach always involved extremely
high speed spinning of a relatively small gyroscope, and also massive
gear ratios to multiply the resulting axis motion, only one revolution
per day, by around a factor of a
million to one. The enormous gear trains necessary to increase the axis
rotation speed by a factor of a million was instrumental in their failures,
due to friction and wear, and they never really got anywhere. My research was entirely different from
theirs, where I early on conceded that such high rotor spin speeds
and such enormous gear ratios were too wasteful of energy, due to
friction. And so my approach was entirely different, involving
devices where nothing rotated faster than about 35 rpm maximum and
nothing inside my devices ever needed to move faster than walking speed.
With such slow speeds, air friction and bearing friction were nearly
insignificant. My approach and my devices are based on the mathematical
discoveries found by Leonhard Euler when he developed Isaac Newton's
one- and two-dimensional laws of motion to apply to three dimensions.
Euler had found the mathematical fact that when a gyroscope axis is forced
to turn, it creates a new type of mechanical energy called
Precession, which amazingly arises in a totally different direction.
In early 2004, I built four prototype devices and
(scientifically) measured an energy production of around
0.001 watt in each of the four tabletop-sized devices I designed and built.
That was not much, but actually extracted energy from the Earth's rotation,
and it WAS larger than ANY experiment done by anyone
else, ever, even the Soviets! |
The first concept regarding capturing energy from the rotating Earth first occurred to me late in 1990, when I did extensive calculations and Engineering regarding confirming the validity of the concept. It's presentation was first placed on the Internet in November 2002. This alternative concept of capturing that energy source arose in December 2009.
The good news is that it certainly worked as I had calculated. The bad news is that there are PRACTICAL (mathematical) limitations on how much power can be captured. This news, sadly, also applies to the parallel efforts of some Ukrainian researchers who are continuing the Soviet efforts which began around 1970, where there is probably no realistic future that their approach can ever succeed on any practical basis. My approach is a variant which has some advantages, where my approach could realistically provide a few hundred watts of electric power, but from a device that would be significantly large and probably expensive. Disappointing!
This is a very peculiar idea! I seriously doubt that humans are capable of actually building the enormous devices required!
I imagine building an extremely strong and rigid "platform" of maybe one mile square, and placing it up on top of quite a few billion very tall but very strong vertical (compression) coil SPRINGS. Then, a hundred million truckloads of granite or limestone would be obtained to stack on top of that platform. Maybe a thousand feet tall! That is actually nearly all there is to it! (The technical aspect of Spring Constants is a REAL problem, though.)
So the Moon goes overhead at some point during any 24.5 hours, as the Earth rotates. If it passed DIRECTLY overhead, the gravitation of the Moon would cause a NET REDUCTION in the gravity that we experience there. You actually become LESS HEAVY at that moment! But not by much! By only one part in 8,700,000, or around 0.01 gram.
But with this mass of around 2 billion tons sitting on that platform, the net reduction of weight due to the Moon passing directly overhead would be around 200 tons weight. So the springs would expand (by a very tiny part of their length, REALLY long springs!), pushing the whole thing UP by just over one foot (max). So now, there would be 2 billion tons of material that was LIFTED about one foot vertically (over a period of six hours). This is EXACTLY what happens to the waters in the ocean due to the Moon and the tides it causes. The platform would then probably have to be supported on jacks for several hours. There is now an additional 4 trillion foot-pounds of new POTENTIAL ENERGY, which has been added due to the gravitational attraction of the Moon! If mechanisms could be set up to capture that energy as the platform and mass was allowed to sink back down, my premise is that might mean that the 4 trillion foot-pounds of Potential Energy might be capturable over maybe an hour (3,600 seconds), six hours later when the full gravitational force of the Earth was again acting there. (This would be when the Moon was on the horizon.) This implies that over 1 billion foot-pounds per second would become available for that hour. A kilowatt is about 737 ft-lb/sec. That seems to imply that MAYBE a constant 1.3 million kiloWatts of power (possibly electricity) might be available from it, during that hour. That 1,300 MegaWatts is greater than the output of most nuclear power plants, or a bunch of coal-fired plants!
You can't get any more GREEN than that!
This effect is essentially identical to what happens as the Moon causes tides. An entire ocean of water is more than a foot higher due to the passage of the tide which the Moon's gravitation causes. The general CONCEPT certainly will work!
Building a MOVABLE platform which was rigid and strong enough to support a hundred million semi-truckloads of solid rock? I doubt that humans could do that! Making springs that could support it all? Maybe not!
But IF it was built and worked as described, the net effect would be to alter the revolution of the Moon and the rotation of the Earth, essentially identically to what happens naturally due to the tide creation. However, this effect is incredibly tiny when compared to the mass involved in adding an additional foot of water on the entire Pacific Ocean! So the well-known effects of tides would occur, but in infinitesimal ways, where even a million years of such massive use of such things, would not cause any noticeable changes in either the Earth or Moon. Over a million years of all the Earth tides frictionally dragging on the Earth's rotation, our day will only increase in length by about 22 second! Even really massive use of this concept would certainly not even increase that to 23 seconds over that million years!
This represents a possible energy source which needs no fossil fuels, and has no environmental effects at all.
There MIGHT be a similar method which might be a lot easier to build! What if an area of ocean maybe ten miles square was surrounded by conventional concrete breakwater walls. The ocean would obviously have to not be very deep to minimize the height of such walls!
But then there would be automatic movable sections of some parts of those walls. As a tide was coming in, those sections would be opened in order to allow the rising ocean to enter into the enclosed area. Once the tide reached its highest level, the movable wall sections would be closed, which would then HOLD that high water level as the tide ebbed over the following six hours. Do you see that we would now have an immense amount of RAISED WATER which could then be allowed to fall through turbines to produce electricity.
A similar system has long been in use where electric companies PUMP water from a river up onto a mountaintop artificial reservoir (during the night when there is minimal need for electricity by their customers) and they then allow that water to fall back down to the river, through turbines, to supply significant amounts of electricity during the daytime. But instead of PUMPING water hundreds of feet up a mountain, we are describing simply TRAPPING natural tidal water inside an immense ocean-based reservoir, where we would then only have a few feet of head to extract energy and electricity from.
Still, there have long been smaller efforts similar to what is described here, which have only ever been built in the very few locations where ocean tides are extremely high. The significant difference in what is being described here is to enclose HUGE areas of ocean, in order to have truly massive amounts of water to work with. Since this concept is totally based on Potential Energy, and that potential energy is directly proportional to both the WEIGHT of the water and the DIFFERENTIAL HEIGHT, my proposal here is to enclose such huge areas of the ocean that the minimal tidal height change still can provide a lot of electricity.
Where locations like the end of the Bay of Fundy have tidal differential heights of around 50 feet, most coastal areas commonly have tides which only change by two feet or three feet or six feet, rising and falling approximately twice each day. Some simple calculations, regarding our ten-mile-square enclosed area, and assuming a local tidal range of exactly two vertical feet: That area of water would be just under three billion square feet. When we trap two vertical feet of water inside our enclosure, that is about 5.5 billion cubic feet of water. Each cubic foot of seawater weighs about 64 pounds, so we are describing about 350 billion pounds of water. Once we wait until the natural tide is lowest, that mass of water can fall an AVERAGE of half the tidal range, or one foot for our example. Therefore, we would have 350 billion foot-pounds of Potential Energy, which we could capture about twice each day.
Now say that we decide to USE this energy over a period of one hour (or 3600 seconds) at low tide. We then would have a POWER of about 100 million foot-pounds per second to use to produce electricity. (For the record, since 550 ft-lb/sec is equal to one horsepower, we are talking about 180,000 horsepower which would be available for that entire hour! This is the same as about 135,000 KiloWatts, continuously for that entire hour! This is MORE than most coal-fired electric power plants can produce (although it IS for just that single hour out of each twelve hours).
I trust that you see that ANY city or community might choose to build such a set of concrete breakwaters to create such an enclosure. True, they would not get ALL their electricity from this source, but a city of 150,000 people could get ALL their electricity for two specific hours each day, which would be both GREEN and FREE for them!
Clearly, a much larger enclosure might be built, depending on how deep the ocean is regarding whether concrete walls might be built. Do you see the theme being presented here? There seems to be a universaly ASSUMPTION that society must burn thousands of tons of coal every hour or consume significant amounts of Uranium, to be able to make significant amounts of electricity. I am trying to show here that there are actually MANY NATURAL PROCESSES which might be used instead. Processes which do NOT send more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, and which do not use up natural resources at amazing rates. In these two examples, the simple effect of the Moon's gravitational attraction, per Isaac Newton, is used to collect and save Potential Energy consequences, to then produce impressive amounts of electricity! There are MANY MORE natural processes which might be similarly examined, although it seems that virtually no one seems to have put serious interest in such directions.
Yes, there have been a FEW demonstrations of the general concept of using tidal energy, but only at a handful of locations around the Earth where tidal range is extremely high. In the 1930s, there were some experimental attempts to try to capture energy from ocean waves, which all WORKED but which all quickly became destroyed. Ditto for hundreds of other potential approaches, where people have made TINY devices which have shown apparent potential for creating electricity or other power. Virtually none have ever scaled-up enough to be successful toward actually being beneficial to other than a few individuals who happened to live in a favorable location! The presentations in this Domain are generally meant to be somewhat UNIVERSAL where MANY people might benefit from the natural processes which clearly contain impressive amounts of energy and power.
A natural side effect of the formation of that oil is that massive accumulations of natural gas (mostly methane) also exist underground, and we are using that all up at an amazing rate, too. It appears that the world (at current consumption rates) may not use it all up for around 70 years or so, although the U.S. would use up all the supplies in and near our country in around 8 years ( without importing the massive amounts of natural gas which we already do).
We use these irreplaceable natural resources in some pretty disappointing and wasteful ways. Enormous numbers of barrels of oil get used up to make the plastic bags we bring everything home in (and then immediately throw away). Ditto for the packaging of almost every modern product. As as to vehicle fuel, we insist on driving to the store, taking several thousand pounds of a vehicle along with us, an immensely wasteful attitude. Our attitude seems to be "It's here, so why not use it all up. I won't be alive when it runs out!" But, hopefully, other people will be! "There will be smart people around. THEY will figure out what to do!"
Few people are aware that the FINAL 40 Uranium mines in the U.S. closed down in the early 1990s because they ran out of Uranium to mine! (Uranium in Reactors currently supplies about 1/5 of all the U.S. electricity, with essentially all of that Uranium having to be imported.)
Technically, this concept is a "mechanism" or "coupling". There are countless such mechanisms that use shafts, pulleys, gears, levers, etc, to convert some form of energy into some other form. There are also mechanisms based on magnetism or electricity to do similar things. The premise described here is a "coupling" which is based on mechanical concepts closely related to the cause of the ocean tides.
And the "energy source"? It is from the rotational spinning of the Earth! Weird, huh?
We will refer back to this amount of energy soon!
It has dawned on me that the Moon also maintains its location in space (somewhat), while the Earth rotates beneath it. I was "slow" on that since it was known for centuries! In fact, for those centuries, it has been known that the Moon's presence causes the tides in the world's oceans! And the amount of energy provided to those tides is enormous beyond imagination! Maybe there is some way to duplicate that effect!
There certainly is!
This concept is to CAPTURE energy in an equivalent to an "Earth tide"!
But it would necessarily be big, probably beyond anything that humanity is capable of building.
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Warning! Technical Info Here! We will discuss a location that is relatively near the Earth's equator. The concept will work at most Latitudes, but there is an angle effect that reduces its effectiveness and increases the complexity of the math! As the rotation of the Earth occurs each day, there is one time when the Moon is relatively high in your sky. We are going to simplify here and say that the Moon passes directly overhead. The gravitational pull of the Moon then affects even you! Each time the Moon is overhead, YOU are being gravitationally attracted UPWARD by the Moon, as well as downward by the Earth. It actually changes your weight! But by only by a really, really tiny amount! (around one part in nine million, one one-hundredth of a gram!) Around six and a quarter hours before and after that moment, the effect disappears, and it reappears after another six and a quarter hours. These are just the standard effects of the Moon on the Earth's oceans which causes the tides. See Ocean Tides - The Physics and Logic Mathematical Explanation of Tides for the details. Those calculations give a result for the relative acceleration due to the Moon of anything on the Earth's (equatorial) surface as being 1.129 * 10-6 m/s2, if directly overhead. We know that the acceleration due to gravity of the Earth is around 9.8 m/s2. So the actual downward acceleration on us and water and land is reduced by about 1/8,700,000, when the Moon is overhead and at its average distance. If you happen to weigh 200 lbs (90 kg), your scale would show you lighter by about 1/2500 ounce (or 0.01 gram), when the Moon was overhead as compared to six hours earlier or later. (Your scale is NOT that accurate!) You might note that we are limited in finding any mechanism that represents a relatively fixed orientation in space, except for pendulums, gyroscopes, the Moon and the Sun. We discussed gyroscopes in the earlier presentation, and pendulums are not efficient enough regarding this conversion of energy from one form to another. The Sun's effect is similar to that of the Moon, but it is smaller (about 45%) and therefore certainly is available but not as much a possible energy source as the Moon represents. So this discussion will be exclusively about the Moon. So now consider making a really enormous structure, either a platform (for solid materials) or a tank (for water). A REALLY enormous structure, where maybe two billion tons of material is placed upon it, as described above. An important aspect is to SUPPORT the whole thing on springs or something similar which can be compressed. When the Moon is on the horizon, the springs get compressed by the (normal) weight of the material to some compressed length. Around six hours later, that mass has a REDUCED weight due to the Moon being overhead, and the springs are therefore expanded slightly! Not much! By only one part in around 9 million. However, with the mechanism described above, that would represent around 200 tons of weight that would be lifted off those springs, and they WOULD expand in length. This would RAISE the entire structure, by the strength of the springs! The calculations in the Tides presentation indicate that the equilibrium radius R therefore has to change in the proportion of 1.0000000576. Knowing that the radius of the Earth is 6.378 * 106 meters, we can see that the new equilibrium radius would be 0.367 meter higher! (about one foot). Real springs would not have perfect resiliency, so that could not actually completely occur, but we will continue the calculations as though they were perfect springs. Notice the net effect here. We have 2 billion tons of material that was lifted up about a foot due to the gravitation of the Moon, in an application of the well-known and proven phenomena of an "earth tide", which, by the way, has been MEASURED to be about this distance. So we then find a way to connect some mechanism to this thing, to try to capture the potential energy as that enormous weight drops back down as the Moon sets in the west! How much energy is involved? Well, the Potential energy is 2 billion tons or 4 * 1012 pounds falling down through one vertical foot. That is 4 * 1012 foot-pounds. This would probably be done about the time when the Moon was setting in the west, and possibly over an interval of an hour. The resulting rate of release of the Potential Energy would then represent about 1.3 * 106 kiloWatts of power. The net result is that this enormous concept (which mankind has absolutely no possible way of actually building) would have a maximum amount of power capability to about one nuclear power plant, for about an hour (twice each day).
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I find this all very interesting!
However, a mechanism such as the hypothetical one described would certainly give the APPEARANCE of perpetual motion! It would be able to run apparently forever, and even produce usable power in the process! Exactly like the tides do! It is NOT perpetual motion, though! What would be happening is that Kinetic Energy of the rotation of the Earth and the motion of the Moon would just be being CONVERTED into a different form of energy, such as electricity or shaft mechanical energy. This is therefore a confirmation that the Conservation of Energy, which is also called the First Law of Thermodynamics. is still absolutely valid! No violation of any law would be happening! Actually, if the Earth ever completely stopped rotating, this device would THEN stop working! (The tides would no longer exist either!)
My point here is that an unbelievably huge supply of energy is available to us and that there would be no pollution and no depletion of natural resources involved in using it. No global warming would result either!
Such people would probably be interested to know that the device just described would qualify for their "perpetual motion" device, even though it actually isn't! After a MILLION YEARS of EVERYONE on Earth using such devices, the Earth would have really slightly slowed down in rotation, so that the day would then be a fraction of a second longer! But it turns out that the Moon's interaction with the Earth's ocean waters, as the tides, has a much larger effect! In that million years, the Moon and its natural tidal effects will have slowed the Earth's rotation enough to make the day longer by around 22 seconds.
The Earth certainly has kinetic energy of rotation. An unimaginable amount! The Earth is known to have a Rotational Inertia (called I) of 8.070 * 1037 kg-m2. It rotates once a day, so it turns at the rate of 6.2832/86164.09 radians/sec (called ω). The Earth's kinetic energy of rotation is 1/2 * (I) [that Rotational Inertia * the square of this rate. Doing this math gives us 2.145619327 * 1029 kg-m2/s2 (or newton-meters). A published value is 2.137 * 1029, essentially the same. That unit of energy is also called a Joule or watt-second. I would point out here that this amount of "spinning energy" of the Earth is around 60 thousand million times that TOTAL ELECTRIC USAGE of all Americans for an entire year! And at least a billion times ALL the energy that has EVER been created and used by humans!
Now say that, over a period of 1,000 years, the Earth's rotation somehow SLOWED by 0.0007 SECOND per day (and NOT due to the effect of the Moon and the ocean tides). Instead of a day being the current 86164.09 seconds, it would then be 86164.0907 seconds long, an absolutely unnoticeable effect. (Especially if it only occurred so slowly that it took a thousand years!) The kinetic energy of the Earth's spinning calculation above would be the same except we would now use 86164.0907 and the Earth's rotational kinetic energy would be 2.145619292 * 1029 kg-m2/s2 (after that thousand years).
A basic law of Physics is that Energy must be Conserved. By gradually slowing down by just that fraction of a second, an unnoticeable effect, and one with no consequences whatever, the Earth would have had to have given up the difference in those two energy totals, which is 3.6 * 1021 kg-m2/s2, or 3.6 * 1021 Joules. A Joule is a watt-second. To convert this into kWh, just divide by 3600 seconds/hour and 1000 watts/kW or 3.6 million, and get 1.0 * 1015 kWh.
This is identical to the total electric use of all Americans for one thousand years as calculated above! So, if we could just figure out how to insignificantly slow the Earth's rotation, to make the length of the day longer by less than a thousandth of a single second, we could have essentially limitless electricity for all of us for a thousand years! Interesting?
This amount of energy is the same as if a large 50-megawatt electric power generating plant operated constantly for 2 * 108 hours, or around 23,000 years! Or the total of the hundreds of such giant electric generating plants which operate continuously now (always using up enormous amounts of conventional power sources such as the fossil fuels oil, gas, coal, and also nuclear or hydroelectric).
See my reason for fascination? If someone could figure out how to SIMPLY tap into this enormous energy of rotation of the Earth, to somehow convert a tiny part of it into electricity, we could totally supply all the electricity needed for all American homes for a thousand years while only making the day 0.0007 second longer. No burning of any coal, oil or natural gas to deplete those supplies or pollute the atmosphere with their waste products and their global warming. There would also be no reason to use nuclear power generation to create electricity, and so there would not be all the environmental hazards there. Countries wouldn't even have political reasons to wage war over sources of petroleum or other energy supply natural resources! All the known supplies of oil, coal and natural gas together will probably be used up in well under 100 years. And then what? IF somebody can figure out how to convert a tiny bit of that rotational energy of the Earth, WOW! Even a conservative view makes clear that there are billions of times as much energy present as we could ever hope to discover in all the coal and gas and oil and nuclear we will ever find.
People have ripped into me for many years regarding this statement, that 60% of the electricity put INTO the power-grid at the power plants, is LOST, and that only 40% of the electricity makes it through the power-grid. So it is refreshing to see that IBM has started running TV commercials in Jan 2009 that start off announcing that "more than half" of electricity is lost in the power-grid! Maybe people will be willing to believe IBM about such statements!
Most people also do not realize that most modern cars are only around 21% efficient, regarding the energy that was in the gasoline, and even less when considering the original energy that was in the crude petroleum. (But that is a lot better than the average 15% automobile efficiency of the 1970s!)
This concept of simply converting a tiny portion of the Earth's rotational energy into mechanical energy, seems to have very little possible inefficiency or wastage. It IS true that then converting it into electricity would have some conversion losses, but they are still a lot better than 13% or 21% energy usage!
There is actually another aspect of this that seems even more attractive to me, for several reasons. First, here is an example of the current "silly thinking". California has so many people that it is in urgent and even desperate need for electricity. As I understand it, Southern California is funding research in North Dakota, around 1500 miles away, regarding generating electricity with giant windmills. That technology would have some environmental implications of its own, if really extensive use was made (wind patterns and weather patterns would be altered for everywhere downwind, east, of the wind farms, for example), but that is not the silliest part. If you ask ANY knowledgeable Electrical Engineer, he can explain that the "power grid" that we rely on has a problem. Even when those high-tension power lines are operated at high voltages, they are DESIGNED so that roughly 90% of the electric power put in at one end of a 60 mile long stretch, gets to the other end! The other 10% is LOST as resistive heating (by the wires into the surrounding air). So, 60 miles away from ANY central electric generation station, only about 90% of the made electricity is still available. (This is why virtually all such generating stations are pretty close to large cities where the electricity is needed.) So, go another 60 miles, and we lose 10% of that remaining electric power (or 9% of the original, so we have 81% still going. After 180 miles, there is only 72.9% left available.
If you continue with these "transmission line losses", which ALL Electrical Engineers can easily calculate, for a 1500 mile stretch to California, it is easy to see that (0.9025) only around 7.2% of the electricity created in North Dakota would actually arrive in California! And worse, the other 93% of it would all be WASTED heat of the hot wires heating up the air along the way, contributing to effects related to global warming. A good idea? Who is doing this thinking?
I guess it sounds impressive to politicians and executives of giant corporations! They figure they are seen as "green" by spending money on researching such things! I do not argue that a MODERATE usage of wind power is a good idea, as long as the electricity created was to be used fairly locally. Maybe there should be a "Ministry of Common Sense" to oversee such things?
I admit that California seems to have an impossible situation. They keep needing to use more and more electricity, and they have started building electric power plants that will not be operational for ten years. California also relies very heavily on electricity generated by hydroelectric power plants at Hoover Dam and other dams, and drought has lowered the reservoirs more than a hundred feet below normal. They have spectacular problems. But spending money to research making wind electricity in North Dakota??? Wow!
Conservation of Angular Momentum - An Exception or Violation (Sept 2006)
Galaxy Spiral Arms Stability and Dynamics A purely Newtonian gravitational explanation (Nov 1997, Aug 1998)
Twins Paradox of Relativity Is Absolutely Wrong (research 1997-2004, published Aug 2004)
Perturbation Theory. Gravitational Theory and Resonance (Aug 2001, Dec 2001)
Origin of the Earth. Planetary Gravitational Resonances (Dec 2001)
Rotation of the Sun (Jan 2000)
Origin of the Universe. Cosmogony - Cosmology (more logical than the Big Bang) (devised 1960, internet 1998)
Time Passes Faster Here on Earth than on the Moon (but only a fraction of a second per year!) (Jan 2009)
Globular Clusters. All Globulars Must Regularly Pass Through the cluttered Galaxy Plane, which would be very disruptive to their pristine form. (Nov 1997, Aug 1998)
Existence of Photons. A Hubble Experiment to Confirm the Existence of Individual Photons (experimental proof of quanta) (Feb 2000)
Origin of the Moon - A New Theory (June 2000)
Planetary Rotation of Jupiter, Saturn, and the Earth (Jupiter has a lot of gaseous turbulence which should have slowed down its rapid rotation over billions of years) (March 1998)
Cepheid Variable Stars. Velocity Graph Analysis (Feb 2003)
Compton Effect of Astrophysics. A Possible New Compton Effect (Mar 2003)
Olbers Paradox Regarding Neutrinos (Oct 2004)
Kepler and Newton. Calculations (2006)
Pulsars. Pulsars May Be Quite Different than we have Assumed (June 2008)
Sun and Stars - How the Sun Works - Nuclear Fusion in Creating Light and Heat (Aug 2006)
Stars - How They Work - Nuclear Fusion. Lives of Stars and You (Aug 2004)
Sundial Time Correction - Equation of Time. Sundial to Clock-Time Correction Factor (Jan 2009)
General Relativity - A Moon Experiment to Confirm It. Confirming General Relativity with a simple experiment. (Jan 2009)
General Relativity and Time Dilation. Does Time Dilation Result? (Jan 2009)
Geysers on Io. Source of Driving Energy (June 1998)
Mass Extinction, a New Explanation. A New Explanation for Apparent Periodicity of Mass Extinctions (May 1998, August 2001)
Precession of Gyroscopes and of the Earth. Gyroscope Precession and Precession of the Earth's Equinoxes (Apr 1998)
Ocean Tides - The Physics and Logic. Mathematical Explanation of Tides (Jan 2002)
Earth's Spinning - Perfect Energy Source (1990, Dec. 2009)
Earth's Magnetic Field - Source and Logic. Complex nature of the magnetic field and its source (March 1996)
Earth Spinning Energy - Perfect Energy Source From the Earth's Spinning (1990, Nov. 2002)
Nuclear or Atomic Physics Related Subjects:
Nuclear Physics - Statistical Analysis of Isotope Masses Nuclear Structure. (research 1996-2003, published Nov 2003)
Quantum Defect is NOT a Mathematical Defect- It Can Be Calculated The Quantum Defect is a Physical Quantity and not a Fudge Factor(July 2007)
Atomic Physics - NIST Atomic Ionization Data Patterns Surprising Patterns in the NIST Data Regarding Atomic Ionization (June 2007)
Nuclear Physics - Logical Inconsistencies (August 2007)
Neutrinos - Where Did they all Come From? (August 2004)
Neutrinos - Olbers Paradox Means Neutrinos from Everywhere (Oct 2004)
Quantum Nuclear Physics. A Possible Alternative (Aug 2001, Dec 2001, Jan 2004)
Quantum Physics - Quantum Dynamics. A Potential Improvement (2006)
Quantum Physics is Compatible with the Standard Model (2002, Sept 2006, Oct 2010)
Quantum Dynamics (March 2008)
Ionization Potential - NIST Data Patterns. Surprising patterns among different elements (March 2003)
Mass Defect Chart. (calculation, formula) (research 1996-2003, published Nov 2003)
Assorted other Physics Subjects:
Precession of Gyroscopes and of the Earth. Gyroscope Precession and Precession of the Earth's Equinoxes (Apr 1998)
Earth's Magnetic Field - Source and Logic. Complex nature of the magnetic field and its source (March 1996)
Earth Spinning Energy - Perfect Energy Source (1990, Nov. 2002)
Earth Energy Flow Rates due to Precessional Effects (63,000 MegaWatts) (Sept 2006)
Accurate Mass of the Earth. Gravitational Constant - An Important Gravitation Experiment. (Feb 2004)
Tornadoes - The Physics of How They Operate, including How they Form. Solar Energy, an Immense Source of Energy, Far Greater than all Fossil Fuels (Feb 2000, Feb 2006, May 2009)
Radiometric Age Dating - Carbon-14 Age Determination. Carbon-14, C-14 (Dec 1998)
Mass Extinction, an Old Explanation. An Old Explanation for Apparent Periodicity of Mass Extinctions (Aug 2003)
Hurricanes, the Physics and Analysis A Credible Approach to Hurricane Reduction (Feb 2001)
Sundial Time Correction - Equation of Time. Sundial to Clock-Time Correction Factor (Jan 2009)
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C Johnson, Theoretical Physicist, Physics Degree from Univ of Chicago